Baffle vibration reducing

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for reducing baffle vibration includes a baffle that is subject to vibration. A first transducer that is seated in the baffle includes a first diaphragm that is acoustically coupled to a listening area in a vehicle and also acoustically coupled to a cavity in the vehicle. A first input signal applied to the first transducer causes the first diaphragm to move in a first direction, thereby generating an acoustic output. A second transducer is mechanically coupled to the first transducer. The second transducer includes a second diaphragm that is acoustically coupled to the first diaphragm and also acoustically coupled to the listening area. A second input signal applied to the second transducer causes the second diaphragm to move in a second direction that is substantially opposite to the first direction to reduce a vibration imparted to the baffle while substantially maintaining the acoustic output.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/999,419, filed Nov. 30, 2004, now U.S.patent Ser. No. ______, which is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/226,507, filed on Aug. 23, 2002, entitledBaffle Vibration Reducing, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

When an electroacoustic transducer, such as a loudspeaker driver, ismounted to a structure, such as a package shelf, the door of a vehicle,the wall of an enclosure, other wall or other baffle, where theattachment is usually on the periphery of the transducer frame, anenergized transducer motor develops forces in response to an energizingelectrical signal. The forces generated by the motor cause the diaphragmof the transducer to move relative to the transducer frame. These forceswill also be transmitted through the frame to the structure through theattachment points of the frame. Package shelves and door panels ofvehicles are often fabricated from thin material, such as thin sheetmetal. Such structures typically have insufficient stiffness to resistvibration and are typically lightly damped. As a result, forces appliedto the structure around modal resonance frequencies of the structure mayresult in excessive vibration of the structure, which can beacoustically perceived as unwanted buzzes and rattles, or degradedfrequency response of the radiated sound.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect of the invention, a first electroacousticaltransducer incorporating a movable diaphragm is seated in andstructurally coupled to a panel. The transducer is mechanicallyconnected to a device containing a compensating moveable mass drivenmechanically out of phase with the movement of the diaphragm of thefirst electroacoustical transducer, to significantly reduce theresultant force applied to the panel. Typically the device withcompensating mass is a second electroacoustical transducer identical tothe first transducer. According to another aspect of the invention, theacoustic output from the first side of the first transducer isacoustically coupled to a listening environment, such as a vehiclepassenger compartment or living room. The acoustic output from the sideof the second transducer facing away from the first transducer is alsocoupled to the listening environment through an acoustical element orelements such as compliant volume and/or port so that the acousticaloutput into the listening environment from the facing away side of thesecond transducer is effectively in phase with the output into thelistening environment from the first side of the first transducer, overa desired frequency range. The acoustic elements are arranged such thatthe output from the away facing side of the second transducer is notacoustically coupled to the output from the second side of the firsttransducer or the output from the first side of the second transducer.Thus, the invention achieves both significant reduction in unwantedmechanical vibration of the supporting structure with enhanced acousticoutput from the second transducer.

In one aspect, the invention is embodied in an apparatus for reducingbaffle vibration in a vehicle. The apparatus includes a baffle that issubject to vibration. A first transducer is seated in the baffle. Thefirst transducer includes a first diaphragm having a first surface thatis acoustically coupled to a listening area in the vehicle and a secondsurface that is acoustically coupled to a cavity in the vehicle. A firstinput signal is applied to the first transducer which causes the firstdiaphragm to move in a first direction, thereby generating an acousticoutput. A second transducer is mechanically coupled to the firsttransducer. The second transducer includes a second diaphragm having afirst surface that is acoustically coupled to one of the first and thesecond surfaces of the first diaphragm. A second surface is acousticallycoupled to one of the listening area and the cavity in the vehicle. Asecond input signal is applied to the second transducer and causes thesecond diaphragm to move in a second direction that is substantiallyopposite to the first direction to reduce a vibration imparted to thebaffle from the movement of the first diaphragm while substantiallymaintaining the acoustic output. The reduction in the vibration impartedto the baffle is generally observed over a large frequency range.However, there can be various frequencies where the reduction in thevibration imparted to the baffle is less pronounced.

The first input signal and the second input signal can have oppositerelative polarity. In another example, the first input signal and thesecond input signal are identical.

The first surface of the first diaphragm can be a front surface of thefirst diaphragm and a second surface of the first diaphragm can be arear surface of the first diaphragm. Alternatively, the first surface ofthe first diaphragm can be a rear surface of the first diaphragm and asecond surface of the first diaphragm can be a front surface of thefirst diaphragm.

The first surface of the second diaphragm can be a front surface of thesecond diaphragm and a second surface of the second diaphragm can be arear surface of the second diaphragm. Alternatively, the first surfaceof the second diaphragm can be a rear surface of the second diaphragmand a second surface of the second diaphragm can be a front surface ofthe second diaphragm.

In one embodiment, the second transducer is inverted relative to thefirst transducer. In one embodiment, at least one of the first and thesecond diaphragms is elliptically-shaped. The motor structure of thefirst transducer can be mechanically coupled to a motor structure of thesecond transducer. In one example, a frame of the first transducer ismechanically coupled to a frame of the second transducer.

The second surface of the first diaphragm can be acoustically coupled toa passive radiator. The second surface of the second diaphragm can beacoustically coupled to the listening area in the vehicle through anacoustic conduit. The acoustic conduit can have a smoothly varyingcross-sectional area. In one example, the second surface of the seconddiaphragm is acoustically coupled to the listening area in the vehiclethrough an acoustic port.

The acoustic output from the second surface of the second diaphragm canbe coupled to the listening area in the vehicle substantially in-phasewith the acoustic output from the first surface of the first diaphragm.The cavity can be a trunk of the vehicle.

In one embodiment, at least one of the first and the second transducersincludes an inverted motor structure. A low pass filter can be coupledto at least one of the first and the second transducers. The low passfilter restricts spectral components of at least one of the first andthe second input signals above a predetermined cutoff frequency. The lowpass filter can be an electrical low pass filter or an acoustical lowpass filter.

The apparatus can also include a third transducer and a forth transducerthat are mechanically coupled to the first and the second transducers.The first, the second, the third, and the fourth transducers can bealigned substantially in a column.

In another aspect, the invention is embodied in an electro-acoustictransducer that includes a magnet assembly having a first magnetic fluxgap and a second magnetic flux gap. A first voice coil is positioned inthe first magnetic flux gap. A first diaphragm is mechanically coupledto the first voice coil and to a frame. The first voice coil moves thefirst diaphragm in a first direction in response to receiving a firstinput signal. A second voice coil is positioned in the second magneticflux gap. A second diaphragm is mechanically coupled to the second voicecoil and to the frame. The second voice coil moves the second diaphragmin a second direction that is substantially opposite to the firstdirection in response to receiving a second input signal. The movementof the second diaphragm reduces a vibration imparted to the frame by themovement of the first diaphragm.

The first input signal and the second input signal can have oppositerelative polarity. The first input signal and the second input signalcan be identical.

In one example, the second voice coil substantially surrounds the firstvoice coil. In one example, the first voice coil has substantially thesame diameter as the second voice coil. The first magnetic flux gap canbe substantially symmetrical to the second magnetic flux gap. The secondmagnetic flux gap can be concentrically positioned relative to the firstmagnetic flux gap. The magnet assembly can include a ring magnet, adonut magnet, or a slug magnet.

The magnet assembly can also include a copper shorting ring that ispositioned proximate to at least one of the first and the secondmagnetic flux gap. The magnet assembly can include a ring magnet thatprovides a static magnetic field to the first and the second magneticflux gaps.

The first input signal that is applied to the first voice coil generatesa first magnetic field and the second input signal applied to the secondvoice coil generates a second magnetic field. The second magnetic fieldcan have opposite polarity to the first magnetic field to reduce amodulation of magnetic flux in at least one of the first and the secondmagnetic flux gaps.

A low pass filter can be electrically coupled to at least one of thefirst and the second voice coils. The first diaphragm can be invertedwith respect to the second diaphragm. The first and/or the seconddiaphragm can be elliptically-shaped. The magnet assembly can include amotor structure that is inverted with respect to at least one of thefirst and the second diaphragms.

In one embodiment, the frame of the electro-acoustic transducer ismechanically coupled to an infinite baffle in a vehicle. The frame ofthe electro-acoustic transducer can also be mechanically coupled to awall.

In another aspect, the invention is embodied in a loudspeaker system fora vehicle. The loudspeaker system includes an infinite baffle that isintegrated with the vehicle. A first surface of the infinite baffle iscoupled to a listening area in the vehicle and a second surface of theinfinite baffle is coupled to a cavity. A first baffle is mechanicallycoupled to the infinite baffle and supports a first transducer thatincludes a first diaphragm. The first diaphragm has a first surface thatis acoustically coupled to the listening area in the vehicle and asecond surface that is acoustically coupled to the cavity. A secondbaffle is mechanically coupled the infinite baffle and supports a secondtransducer that includes a second diaphragm. The second diaphragmincludes a first surface that is acoustically coupled to the listeningarea in the vehicle and a second surface that is acoustically coupled tothe cavity. A rigid member mechanically couples the first baffle to thesecond baffle. The first and the second transducer are driven by a firstand a second input signal, respectively, such that an acoustic outputfrom the first surfaces of the first and the second diaphragms couplesto the listening area substantially in phase and a vibration imparted tothe infinite baffle from a movement of the first diaphragm is reduced bya movement of the second diaphragm.

The first and the second signals can be identical. The first and thesecond baffles can be substantially perpendicular to the infinitebaffle. The second baffle can be positioned substantially parallel tothe first baffle. The first surface of the first diaphragm can be afront surface of the first diaphragm and a second surface of the firstdiaphragm can be a rear surface of the first diaphragm. Alternatively,the first surface of the first diaphragm can be a rear surface of thefirst diaphragm and a second surface of the first diaphragm can be afront surface of the first diaphragm.

The first surface of the second diaphragm can be a front surface of thesecond diaphragm and a second surface of the second diaphragm can be arear surface of the second diaphragm. Alternatively, the first surfaceof the second diaphragm can be a rear surface of the second diaphragmand a second surface of the second diaphragm can be a front surface ofthe second diaphragm.

The second transducer can be inverted relative to the first transducer.The first and/or the second diaphragm can be elliptically-shaped. Amotor structure of the first transducer can be mechanically coupled to amotor structure of the second transducer through the rigid member. Aframe of the first transducer can be mechanically coupled to a frame ofthe second transducer.

The loudspeaker system can include a passive radiator. A first surfaceof the passive radiator is acoustically coupled to the listening areaand a second surface of the passive radiator is acoustically coupled tothe cavity. An acoustic element can be used to couple acoustic energyfrom the cavity to the listening area. The acoustic element can be anacoustic port. The cavity can include a trunk of the vehicle. One orboth of the first and the second transducer can include an invertedmotor structure.

A low pass filter can be coupled to at least one of the first and thesecond transducers. The low pass filter restricts spectral components ofat least one of the first and the second input signals above apredetermined cutoff frequency.

In one aspect, the invention is embodied in a method for reducingmechanical forces in a loudspeaker system in a vehicle. The methodincludes mounting a first baffle and a second baffle to an infinitebaffle that is integrated with the vehicle. The method also includesmounting a first transducer having a first diaphragm to the first bafflesuch that a first surface of the first diaphragm is acoustically coupledto a listening area in the vehicle and a second surface of the firstdiaphragm is acoustically coupled to a cavity. The method furtherincludes mounting a second transducer having a second diaphragm to thesecond baffle such that a first surface of the second diaphragm isacoustically coupled to the listening area in the vehicle and a secondsurface of the second diaphragm is acoustically coupled to the cavity.The method also includes mechanically coupling the first baffle to thesecond baffle with a rigid member. The method also includes driving thefirst and the second transducers with a first and a second input signal,respectively, such that an acoustic output from the first surfaces ofthe first and the second diaphragms couples to the listening areasubstantially in phase and a vibration imparted to the infinite bafflefrom a movement of the first diaphragm is reduced by a movement of thesecond diaphragm.

The method can also include positioning the first baffle substantiallyparallel to the second baffle. The method can also include forming atleast one of an acoustic port, an acoustic waveguide, an acousticdampener, and a passive radiator in the cavity to couple acoustic energyfrom the cavity to the listening area. The cavity can include a trunk ofthe vehicle.

In one example, driving the first and the second transducers with thefirst and the second input signals includes applying the first inputsignal to a first voice coil that is mechanically coupled to the firstdiaphragm and applying the second input signal to a second voice coilthat is mechanically coupled to the second diaphragm. In one example,the movement of the first diaphragm is substantially opposite to themovement of the second diaphragm. In one example, the first diaphragm isinverted with respect to the second diaphragm.

In another aspect, the invention is embodied in a loudspeaker systemthat includes an enclosure having a first acoustic volume and a firstacoustic element. A combination of the first acoustic volume and thefirst acoustic element has a first resonant frequency. The firstacoustic element couples acoustic energy from the first acoustic volumeto outside the enclosure. A sub-enclosure is positioned at leastpartially inside the enclosure. The sub-enclosure includes a secondacoustic volume and a second acoustic element. A combination of thesecond acoustic volume and the second acoustic element has a secondresonant frequency. The second acoustic element couples acoustic energyfrom the second acoustic volume to outside the sub-enclosure. A firsttransducer is mounted to the sub-enclosure. The first transducerincludes a first diaphragm having a first surface that is acousticallycoupled to the first acoustic volume and a second surface that isacoustically coupled to the second acoustic volume. A first input signalis applied to the first transducer which causes the first diaphragm tomove in a first direction. A second transducer is mounted to thesub-enclosure. The second transducer includes a second diaphragm havinga first surface that is acoustically coupled to the first acousticvolume and a second surface that is acoustically coupled to the secondacoustic volume. A second input signal is applied to the secondtransducer which causes the second diaphragm to move in a seconddirection that is substantially opposite to the first direction toreduce a vibration imparted to the sub-enclosure from the movement ofthe first diaphragm.

The first resonant frequency and the second resonant frequency can bethe same. Alternatively, the first resonant frequency can be lower thanthe second resonant frequency. The second acoustic element can coupleacoustic energy from the second acoustic volume to outside theenclosure. For example, the second acoustic element can couple acousticenergy from the second acoustic volume to the first acoustic volume. Thefirst and the second acoustic elements can include an acoustic port or apassive radiator. The sub-enclosure can be rigidly coupled to theenclosure.

In one example, the movement of the second diaphragm reduces a vibrationimparted to the enclosure from the movement of the first diaphragm. Thefirst and/or the second transducer can include an inverted motorstructure. The first transducer can be inverted relative to the secondtransducer.

The loudspeaker system can also include an additional sub-enclosure thatis positioned at least partially inside the enclosure. The loudspeakersystem can also include an additional sub-enclosure that is positionedat least partially inside the sub-enclosure.

In another aspect, the invention is embodied in a transducer assemblythat includes a frame that is subject to vibration. A first pair oftransducers are mechanically coupled to the frame. The first pair oftransducers are oriented substantially in-line and include a first pairof diaphragms. Input signals applied to the first pair of transducerscausing the first pair of diaphragms to move in substantially oppositedirections relative to each other. A second pair of transducers aremechanically coupled to the frame. The second pair of transducers areoriented substantially in-line relative the first pair of transducersand include a second pair of diaphragms. Input signals applied to thesecond pair of transducers causing the second pair of diaphragms to movein substantially opposite directions relative to each other, therebyreducing a vibration in the frame.

The movement of the second pair of diaphragms can be substantially inphase with the movement of the first pair of diaphragms. The transducerassembly can also include a baffle that acoustically separates a frontsurface of a transducer in the first pair of transducers from a backsurface of the transducer. The transducer assembly can also include abaffle that acoustically separates a front surface of a transducer inthe second pair of transducers from a back surface of the transducer.

The transducer can further include an enclosure for housing at least aportion of the first and the second pairs of transducers. The diaphragmsin the first pair of transducers can be inverted relative to thediaphragms in the second pair of transducers. One of the diaphragms canbe inverted relative to the other diaphragm in at least one of the firstand the second pairs of transducers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further advantages of this invention may be betterunderstood by referring to the following description in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings, in which like numerals indicate likestructural elements and features in various figures. The drawings arenot necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed uponillustrating the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1A-FIG. 1C are diagrammatic representations of embodiments of theinvention with the assemblies carried by an infinite baffle, such as avehicle rear deck or door.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with the assembly carried by an infinite baffle, such as avehicle rear deck or door.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation showing the force exerted on thestructure as a function of frequency for various systems.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with the assembly carried by an infinite baffle, such as avehicle rear deck or door, incorporating transducers with inverted motorstructures.

FIG. 5A-FIG. 5E are diagrammatic representations of alternativeembodiments of the invention with the assemblies mounted in enclosures.

FIG. 5F is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of theinvention showing an unmounted assembly including four separatetransducers.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a typical loudspeaker assembly carriedby an infinite baffle, such as a vehicle rear package shelf.

FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system includinga pair of electro-acoustic transducers according to one embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system includinga pair of electro-acoustic transducers and additional third and fourthelectro-acoustic transducers according to one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 9A illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system includinga first and a second electro-acoustic transducer that are mounted to aninfinite baffle according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9B illustrates a side view of a loudspeaker system including afirst and a second electro-acoustic transducer that are mounted to aninfinite baffle according to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system includinga first pair and a second pair of electro-acoustic transducers that aremounted to an infinite baffle according to one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system includinga pair of electro-acoustic transducers that are mounted to an infinitebaffle which can be a seatback of a rear seat of a vehicle.

FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of theinvention with a loudspeaker assembly mounted to a structural panel.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transduceraccording to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a loudspeaker systemincluding the electro-acoustic transducer of FIG. 13 mounted to aninfinite baffle according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a loudspeaker systemincluding the electro-acoustic transducer of FIG. 13 mounted to anenclosure according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a loudspeaker systemincluding the electro-acoustic transducer of FIG. 13 mounted to astructural panel according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17A is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transduceraccording to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view of the motor structure in theelectro-acoustic transducer of FIG. 17A.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transduceraccording to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transduceraccording to another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transduceraccording to another embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference now to the drawings and more particularly FIG. 1Athereof, there is shown a diagrammatic representation of an embodimentof the invention with structure carried by infinite baffle 11, typicallya vehicle rear shelf or door panel carrying a first transducer 12, suchas a loudspeaker driver, mechanically connected to a second transducer13, such as a loudspeaker driver, preferably identical to the firsttransducer 12, through a mechanical link 14. The two transducers 12, 13are ideally mounted in substantially parallel planes such thatdiaphragms 21, 22 of the two transducers 12, 13 move in the same axialdirection. Although the infinite baffle 11 is described as a rear shelfor door panel in a vehicle, the infinite baffle 11 can be a structuralpanel, a wall, a ceiling, or a floor in a room, for example.

A first surface 21 a of the diaphragm 21 of the first transducer 12 isacoustically coupled to a listening area 18. If the baffle 11 is therear package shelf of a vehicle, the listening area 18 is the passengercompartment of the vehicle. A second surface 21 b of the diaphragm 21 ofthe first transducer 12 is coupled to a volume or a cavity 30, whichwould be the vehicle trunk if the baffle 11 is the rear package shelf. Asecond surface 22 b of the diaphragm 22 of the second transducer 13 iscoupled to the listening area 18 through an acoustic path consisting ofone or more acoustic elements. Acoustic elements include lumped elementssuch as acoustic compliances (formed by cavities or volumes), acousticresistances (elements that have losses proportional to acoustic volumevelocity such as wire meshes, fiberglass, or other fibrous materials,foams, etc.), acoustic masses (formed by physical sections of tubes) ordistributed elements such as waveguides or transmission lines, which canbe described as conduits of constant or smoothly varying cross-section.In one embodiment, the second surface 22 b of the diaphragm 22 of thesecond transducer 13 is coupled to the listening area 18 through acompliant volume 15 and a port tube 16. A first surface 22 a of thediaphragm 22 of the second transducer 13 is coupled to the cavity 30.Instead of a rear package shelf of a vehicle, the baffle 11 can be awall, a floor, or a ceiling of a room and the transducers 12, 13 can bepositioned with the transducer 12 being located flush to the wall, flooror ceiling and the transducer 13 being located behind the wall, floor orceiling. In another embodiment, the transducers 12, 13 can be recessedin the wall, floor or ceiling. Baffle 11 serves to separate acousticoutput of first surface 21 a and acoustic output from second surface 22b, from acoustic output of second surface 21 b and acoustic output offirst surface 22 a.

power amplifier 17 energizes the first transducer 12 and the secondtransducer 13 with the same signal but drives them in opposite polarity.The system is arranged such that when the diaphragm 21 of the firsttransducer 12 is moving in one direction, the diaphragm 22 of the secondtransducer 13 is moving in the substantially opposite direction, whichsignificantly reduces a resultant force applied to the baffle 11. Thisalso reduces undesired resultant vibrations of the baffle 11. Byresultant force, we mean the vector sum of the applied forces (to amechanical link or to a structure, such as the baffle, to which thetransducer assembly is attached) applied by each transducer. For thecase where equal and opposite forces are applied to each end of amechanical link, the resultant force as defined is zero, even though theactual forces that place the mechanical link into tension or compressionare in fact doubled.

The reduction in the vibration imparted to the baffle 11 is generallyobserved over a large frequency range. However, there can be variousfrequencies where the reduction in the vibration imparted to the baffle11 is less pronounced.

The embodiments of the invention typically show a pair of diaphragmsmounted in close proximity moving in mechanically opposite directions.We are assuming, for purposes of simplicity of describing the invention,that there is no mutual coupling present between the two diaphragms. Inactual embodiments, while some amount of mutual coupling may be present,it will generally not be sufficient to substantially affect overalloperation of the system.

Additionally, throughout the following description, input signals areapplied to the transducers in order to cause the movable elements in thetransducers to move in desired directions. The desired direction ofmovement of the movable elements can be achieved through variousmethods. For example, the polarity of the input signal can be reversedprior to being applied to the transducer. This can be achieved by makinga reverse connection at the terminals of the transducer. Alternatively,an inverting amplifier can operate on an input signal prior to it beingapplied to the transducer. In one embodiment, the geometry of onetransducer is inverted with respect to the geometry of the othertransducer. In one embodiment, the voice coil of each transducer iswound in opposite directions. In one embodiment, the permanent magnetsin the motor structures of each transducer are magnetized in oppositedirections. Any single technique or a combination of the abovetechniques can be used to control the direction of movement of themovable elements of each of the transducers.

The movement of the second diaphragm 22 of the second transducer 13generates acoustic output from the second surface 22 b of the secondtransducer 13 that is coupled by the acoustic path to the listening area18 for emission that is substantially in phase with the output from thefirst surface 21 a of first transducer 12. Thus, the input signal fromthe amplifier 17 that is applied to the second transducer 13 causes thesecond diaphragm 22 to move in an opposite direction from the directionof movement of the first diaphragm 21 to reduce a vibrating forceimparted to the baffle 11 while maintaining the acoustic output.

The output from the second surface 22 b of the second driver 13 couldalso be coupled through a conduit of substantially constant or smoothlyvarying cross section to the listening area 18 without loss ofgenerality.

The second transducer 13 need not be identical to the first transducer12. All that is required for significant reduction in vibration is forthe moving mass and generated motor force of the second transducer 13 toapproximately equal the moving mass and generated motor force of thefirst transducer 12. Such a component could be made at lower cost thanthe cost of a transducer that is identical to the first transducer 12.It is generally desirable for a frame 25 of the first transducer 12 tobe similar to a frame 26 of the second transducer 13 so that the secondtransducer 13 can be attached to the first transducer 12 at the sameattachment points that are used to attach the first transducer 12 to thebaffle 11. An alternative means of assembly could be to rigidly attachthe bottom of a motor structure 27 of the first transducer 12 to the topof a motor structure 28 of the second transducer 13, using a rigidconnecting member 19 such as a threaded metal rod.

FIG. 1B is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of theinvention with the assembly carried by the infinite baffle 11. Theembodiment shown in FIG. 1B is substantially the same as the embodimentshown in FIG. 1A with the addition of an acoustic port 29 that iscoupled to the cavity 30. In some embodiments, the cavity 30 issubstantially closed (other than through port tubes that may bepresent). In some embodiments, one or more ports, passive radiators,and/or other structures are used to acoustically couple the cavity 30 tosome other element or physical space. The port 29 is an acoustic massand the cavity 30 is an acoustic compliance. The dimensions of the port29 are chosen to adjust the acoustic mass to set the port 29/cavity 30resonance at a desired frequency. The acoustic port 29 couples a portionof the acoustic energy from the cavity 30 to the listening area 18. Theacoustic energy is generated by the second surface 21 b of the firstdiaphragm 21 and the first surface 22 a of the second diaphragm 22. Theacoustic energy exiting from the acoustic port 29 reinforces theacoustic output that is coupled to the listening area 18 from the firstsurface 21 a of the first diaphragm 21 and the second surface 22 b ofthe second diaphragm 22, over a limited, but useful frequency range.

In some embodiments, a passive radiator (not shown) can be used insteadof the acoustic port 29. Like the acoustic port 29, a passive radiatorcan be used to reinforce the acoustic energy entering the listening area18. The mechanical mass, area, and suspension compliance of the passiveradiator are chosen so that the passive radiator resonates with thecompliance volume 30 at a desired frequency. Sound waves from the secondsurface 21 b of the first diaphragm 21 and the first surface 22 a of thesecond diaphragm 22 strike and move the passive radiator. It in turnvibrates and creates its own sound waves from the front surface of itsdiaphragm. Although a passive radiator is a mechano-acoustic element, itis referred to as an acoustic element throughout the presentspecification.

FIG. 1C is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of theinvention with the assembly carried by the infinite baffle 11. Theembodiment shown in FIG. 1C is substantially the same as the embodimentshown in FIG. 1B with the addition of an acoustic low-pass filter formedfrom the combination of a cavity 31 and the port 16. Second surface 22 bof the second diaphragm 22 is coupled to the cavity 31, port tube 16 iscoupled to cavity 31 and to listening area 18. Therefore, the outputfrom second surface 22 b is filtered by the acoustic low pass filter.The dimensions of the enclosure 31 and the port 16 are determined basedthe desired cutoff frequency of the acoustic low pass filter, forexample. The low-pass filter can be used to filter undesired frequenciesin the acoustic energy before those frequencies can reach the listeningarea 18.

In one embodiment, the transducers 12, 13 are driven with input signalsthat include low frequencies and higher frequencies. The low-pass filterallows the low frequency acoustic waves generated by the second side 22b of the second diaphragm 22 to propagate to the listening area 18, butprevents the higher frequency acoustic waves generated by the secondside 22 b of the second diaphragm 22 from propagating to the listeningarea 18. This prevents potentially out-of-phase higher frequenciesgenerated by both transducers 12, 13 from reaching the listening area 18simultaneously, while only allowing higher frequencies from the firstsurface 21 a of the first diaphragm 21 of the transducer 12 to reach thelistening area 18.

Low-pass filters can be used to reduce a comb filter effect that occursat higher frequencies due to acoustic path differences of the acousticoutput from the transducers 12, 13. By low-pass filtering one of thetransducers 12, 13, the comb filter effect is reduced. Skilled artisanswill appreciate that variations in the low-pass filter can be madewithout departing from the invention. For example, the acoustic low-passfilter can include a passive radiator, an acoustic absorber, a Helmholtzresonator, and/or any other acoustic element or any combination ofcompliance, mass or resistive elements. Alternatively, electricalfiltering can also be used. For example, an electrical low pass filtercan be coupled to one or both transducer inputs. The enclosure 31 canalso include sound absorbing material, such as fiberglass, polyester,batting, etc.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with the assembly carried by an infinite baffle 11, suchas a vehicle rear deck or door. The second transducer 13 is nowphysically inverted with respect to the first transducer 12. FIG. 2shows the rear of the motor structure 27 of the first transducer 12being rigidly attached to the rear of the motor structure 28 of thesecond transducer 13 through a spacer 20, although the spacer 20 is notrequired. Structural coupling of the two transducers 12, 13 could alsobe accomplished through an attachment around the periphery of thetransducer frames 25, 26, as shown in the system of FIG. 1. Thearrangement of FIG. 2 would work equally well if each of transducers 12,13 were inverted as compared to what is shown. In this case, thestructural connection would be accomplished through an attachment aroundthe periphery of the transducer frames 25, 26. In another embodiment,the structural connection can be made by attaching an optionalconnecting rod (not shown) to a pole piece in each of the motorstructures 27, 28.

The orientation of the transducers 12, 13 relative to each other can bearbitrary, as long as the resultant force applied to a baffle 11 fromthe movement of the movable elements of one of the transducers 12, 13 isreduced by the movement of the movable elements of the other transducer13, 12.

Since the transducers 12, 13 are physically inverted with respect toeach other, cancellation of vibration will occur when electrical signalsof the same relative polarity are applied to each transducer 12, 13.Each transducer 12, 13 is attached to the output of the amplifier 17such that when an electrical signal provided to the first transducer 12causes the diaphragm 21 of the first transducer 12 to move in onedirection, an electrical signal provided to the second transducer 13causes the diaphragm 22 of the second transducer 13 to move in thesubstantially opposite direction relative to the motion of the diaphragm21 of the first transducer 12.

Above a certain frequency, the output from the second transducer 13 willnot be in phase with the output from the first transducer 12 at thelistening area 18. The frequency response of the combined system mayexhibit a comb filter behavior with the first null occurring when thepath length difference between the first surface 21 a of the diaphragm21 of the first transducer 12 and the listening area 18 and the secondsurface 22 b of the diaphragm 22 of the second transducer 13 and thelistening area 18 is a half-wavelength.

One approach for reducing the effects of this comb filter behavior is byusing a low-pass filter to restrict the spectral components delivered toboth transducers 12, 13 to only spectral components that are below thefirst null and using other transducers (not shown) for reproducinghigher frequency spectral components. The low-pass filters used could beidentical for both transducers 12, 13, or they can have different ordersand/or corner frequencies. The low-pass filters can be acousticalfilters or passive or active electrical filters. The output from one ofthe transducers 12, 13 could be restricted to being below apredetermined cutoff frequency while the other transducer 12, 13 ispermitted to operate over a wider frequency range. Preferably, the firsttransducer 12 operates over a wider frequency range than the secondtransducer 13. This result can be achieved by placing a low-pass filterin the signal path of the second transducer 13 only, or by having alow-pass filter in the signal path of the first transducer 12 with ahigher corner frequency and/or lower order than a low-pass filter in thesignal path of the second transducer 13. The result can also be achievedeither in combination with or solely by the appropriate design of theacoustic elements 15, 16 connecting the second transducer 13 to thelistening area 18 such that the acoustic elements 15, 16, incombination, form a low pass filter. It should be noted that acousticalor electrical filters can be used in any of the embodiments describedherein and not simply the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 2.For example, in an asymmetric arrangement in which one of thetransducers acoustically couples to the listening area while the othertransducer couples to the listening area through an acoustic path,asymmetric filtering (such as using different filter cutoff frequencies,different orders, etc., in each transducer signal path) of thetransducers can be used.

It may also be advantageous to include a low-pass filter in the signalpath of the second transducer 13 and a complementary all-pass filter inthe signal path of the first transducer 12. A complementary all-passfilter has the same phase response as a function of frequency as acorresponding low-pass filter. This feature can be accomplished, forexample, by using a second-order critically damped low-pass filter inthe signal path of the second transducer 13, and a first-order all-passfilter in the signal path of the first transducer 12, where the cornerfrequencies of the low-pass and all-pass filters are substantiallyidentical.

According to another embodiment, a fourth-order low-pass filter in thesignal path of the second transducer 13 and a second-order all-passfilter in the signal path of the first transducer 12 may be used. Otherexamples of complementary all-pass filter/low-pass filter combinationswill be evident to those skilled in the art.

The use of complementary all-pass filters and low-pass filters asdescribed above can be combined with other signal processing asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,914, incorporated by reference herein,to simultaneously achieve improved system frequency response and reducevibration.

Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a graphical representation of forceupon a baffle 11 (FIG. 1) as a function of frequency for variousstructures. Curve 21 illustrates the resultant response of using twoBose® eight-inch Neodymium (Nd) transducers in an acoustic system havinga low-pass filter. Curve 22 illustrates the applied force when usingonly a single eight-inch Nd transducer with a low-pass filter. Curve 23shows the applied force when using just two eight-inch Nd transducersconnected according to the invention without the low-pass filter. Curve24 shows the applied force with just a single eight-inch Nd transducer.These graphical representations demonstrations the significant reductionin force applied to the baffle 11 using two eight-inch Nd transducersconnected according to the invention without the low-pass filter and theadvantage of incorporating the low-pass filter into the system.

The embodiments shown in FIGS. 1A-1C and FIG. 2 are described using aninfinite baffle 11. Although the arrangements are described showing thelistening area 18, this is not required. The invention can be adapted toemit sound equally well to either the volume 30 or the listening area 18without loss of generality. Additionally, the infinite baffle 11 can bethe ceiling, floor, wall, door, or any surface of a room. In thisexample, the room is either the volume 30 or the listening area 18.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with the assembly carried by an infinite baffle 11, suchas a vehicle rear shelf or door, incorporating transducers with invertedmotor structures. Transducers 32 and 33 including diaphragms 41, 42 havemotor structures 34, 35 that are inverted with respect to the motorstructures 27, 28 of the transducers 12, 13 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4illustrates that the transducers 32, 33 are also physically invertedwith respect to each other. The use of transducers 32, 33 having motorstructures 34, 35 that are inverted is not limited to the orientationshown. Any of the previous arrangements described for non-inverted motortransducers is also applicable for transducers with inverted motorstructures. Use of inverted motor structure transducers in the currentinvention can significantly reduce the overall thickness of the multipletransducer assembly, which can reduce intrusion into a vehicle trunk orallow a system to fit within a wall space where an arrangement usingtraditional transducers would not fit. Note also that mechanical links36 can be made much shorter than the mechanical links 14 shown in FIGS.1A-1C in the embodiment using transducers 12, 13 without inverted motorstructures. Alternatively, an optional rigid connecting member 19 couldbe used to rigidly attach the motor structure 34 of the first transducer32 to the motor structure 35 of the second transducer 33.

FIG. 5A is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with an assembly 50 mounted in an enclosure 52. Theassembly 50 includes the first 12 and the second transducers 13 that aremounted to a sub-enclosure 54. This configuration illustrates atwo-chamber band-pass enclosure. However configurations including anynumber of chambers can be used. For example, other multi-chamberconfigurations are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,424,entitled “Electroacoustical Transducing with At Least Three CascadedSubchambers” which is assigned to the assignee of the presentapplication. The entire disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,424 isincorporated herein by reference. The first 12 and the secondtransducers 13 are inverted with respect to each other and aremechanically coupled using optional mechanical links 14. In oneembodiment, an optional rigid connecting member 19 is coupled betweenthe top of the motor structure 27 and the top of the motor structure 28to increase the mechanical rigidity between the transducers 12, 13.

Alternatively, the transducers 12, 13 can be mechanically coupled toeach other by using one or both of the mechanical links 14 and the rigidconnecting member 19. Also, the transducers 12, 13 can be arbitrarilyoriented relative to each other as long as the moving parts of each ofthe transducers 12, 13 move in mechanical opposition in response toelectrical signals applied to the transducers 12, 13 such that theresultant force applied to sub enclosure 54 to which transducers 12, 13are mechanically coupled, and to the mechanical links 14 and/or theoptional connecting member 19, are reduced.

The first surface 21 a of the diaphragm 21 in the first transducer 12and the first surface 22 a of the diaphragm 22 in the second transducer13 are acoustically coupled to a first acoustic volume of thesub-enclosure 54. The first acoustic volume of the sub-enclosure 54 isacoustically coupled to a first acoustic element 56, such as a firstacoustic port. The first acoustic element 56 is acoustically coupled tothe listening environment. The first acoustic element 56 couplesacoustic energy from inside the sub-enclosure 54 to outside thesub-enclosure 54. The acoustic compliance of the volume of thesub-enclosure 54 resonates with the acoustic mass of the first acousticelement 56. The dimensions and volume of the sub-enclosure 54 and thefirst acoustic element 56 are determined based on the characteristics ofthe transducers 12, 13 and the desired frequency response of the system,for example. Adjustment of the volume of the sub-enclosure 54 and thedimensions of the first acoustic element 56 allows the resonantfrequency of the sub-enclosure/port system to be tuned to a desiredfrequency. The first acoustic element 56 can be an acoustic port, anacoustic waveguide, a passive radiator, or any element that couplesacoustic energy from inside the sub-enclosure 54 to outside thesub-enclosure 54.

The sub-enclosure 54 is mounted at least partially within the enclosure52. The enclosure 52 provides a second acoustic volume. The secondsurface 21 b of the diaphragm 21 in the first transducer 12 and thesecond surface 22 b of the diaphragm 22 in the second transducer 13 areacoustically coupled to the second acoustic volume. The enclosure 52 isacoustically coupled to a second acoustic element 58, such as a secondacoustic port. The second acoustic element 58 is acoustically coupled tothe listening environment. The second acoustic element 58 couplesacoustic energy from inside the enclosure 52 to outside the enclosure52. The volume of the enclosure 52 and the dimensions of the secondacoustic element 58 are determined based on the characteristics of thetransducers 12, 13 and the desired frequency response of the system, forexample. Adjustment of the volume of the enclosure 52 and the dimensionsof the second acoustic element 58 allows the resonant frequency of theenclosure/port system to be tuned to a desired frequency. The secondacoustic element 58 can be an acoustic port, an acoustic waveguide, apassive radiator, or any element that couples acoustic energy frominside the enclosure 52 to outside the enclosure 52.

In one embodiment, the resonant frequency of the combination of thesecond volume and the second acoustic element 58 is the same as theresonant frequency of the combination of the first volume and the firstacoustic element 56. In another embodiment, the resonant frequency ofthe combination of the second volume and the second acoustic element 58is lower than the resonant frequency of the combination of the firstvolume and the first acoustic element 56. Additionally, although FIG. 5Aillustrates a two-chamber band-pass enclosure, as previously described,other embodiments having additional chambers are also possible.

The ported enclosure 52 including the ported sub-enclosure 54 canincrease the low frequency output of the transducers 12, 13. Theresonances of the acoustic elements 56, 58 with the acoustic compliances(volumes) of enclosures 52, 54 serve to load the transducers 12, 13. Theloading reduces the excursion of the diaphragms 21, 22 near the resonantfrequencies of each of the enclosure/port assemblies. The resonantfrequencies of the enclosure/port assemblies are varied to alter thefrequency response of the system. Typically, the resonant frequencies ofthe acoustic compliance of enclosure 52 with acoustic mass of theacoustic element 58 and the acoustic compliance of the enclosure 54 withacoustic mass of the acoustic element 56 are separated by a desiredamount. In some embodiments, the acoustic elements 56, 58 includepassive radiators (not shown) instead of acoustic ports.

In operation, input signals are applied to the first transducer 12 andthe second transducer 13. The input signals cause the first diaphragm 21in the first transducer 12 and the second diaphragm 22 in the secondtransducer 13 to move so that the motion of the first diaphragm 21 issubstantially opposite to the motion of the second diaphragm 22. Theopposing motion of the diaphragms 21, 22 reduces a resultant mechanicalforce exerted on the structures to which the transducers aremechanically coupled, as well as to mechanical links 14, compared to amotion of a single diaphragm from a single transducer for the same inputsignal.

FIG. 5B is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with the assembly 50 mounted in the enclosure 52. Theassembly 50 includes the first 12 and the second transducers 13 that aremounted to a sub-enclosure 54′. The first 12 and the second transducers13 are optionally mechanically coupled to each other using themechanical links 14. The system of FIG. 5B is similar to the system ofFIG. 5A except that the acoustic element 56′ such as the acoustic port,couples acoustic energy from inside the sub-enclosure 54′ to inside theenclosure 52. Adjustment of the dimensions of enclosure 52, the secondacoustic element 58, the sub-enclosure 54′ and the acoustic element 56′allows the resonant frequencies of the system to be tuned to desiredfrequencies.

FIG. 5C is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with an assembly 60 mounted in an enclosure 62. Theassembly 60 includes the first 12 and the second transducers 13 that aremounted to a sub-enclosure 64. The first 12 and the second transducers13 are mechanically coupled to each other using the mechanical links 14.The system of FIG. 5C is similar to the system of FIG. 5A except thatthe acoustic elements include passive radiators instead of acousticports. Any combination of passive radiators and/or acoustic ports can beused.

The second surface 21 b of the diaphragm 21 in the first transducer 12and the first surface 22 a of the diaphragm 22 in the second transducer13 are acoustically coupled to the volume of the sub-enclosure 64. Thevolume of the sub-enclosure 64 is acoustically coupled to a firstpassive radiator 66. The dimensions and volume of the sub-enclosure 64and the characteristics (such as area, mass, suspension compliance) offirst passive radiator 66 are determined based on the characteristics ofthe transducers 12, 13 and the desired frequency response of the system,for example. The dimensions and volume of sub-enclosure 64 andcharacteristics of passive radiator 66 are chosen in order to locate theresonant frequency (of the acoustic compliance of the sub-enclosure withthe acoustic mass of the passive radiator) at a desired frequency. Thefirst passive radiator 66 can be replaced by an acoustic port, such asthe acoustic port 56 of FIG. 5A.

The sub-enclosure 64 is mounted within the enclosure 62. The firstsurface 21 a of the diaphragm 21 in the first transducer 12 and thesecond surface 22 b of the diaphragm 22 in the second transducer 13 areacoustically coupled to a volume of the enclosure 62. The volume of theenclosure 62 is acoustically coupled to a second 68 and a third passiveradiator 69. The second 68 and third passive radiators 69 are located onopposing walls of the enclosure 62. This arrangement allows thediaphragms of the passive radiators 68, 69 to move in substantiallyopposite directions when they are stimulated by the acoustic energy inthe enclosure 62 from the movement of the diaphragms 21, 22. Theopposing motion of the diaphragms of the passive radiators 68, 69 reducea resultant mechanical force on the enclosure 62 that would otherwise beapplied if the diaphragms of the passive radiators 68, 69 moved in thesame or in random directions.

The volume of enclosure 62 and the dimensions of the passive radiators68, 69 are determined based on the characteristics of the transducers12, 13 and the desired frequency response of the system, for example.The volume of enclosure 62 and characteristics of passive radiators 68,69 are chosen in order to locate the resonant frequency (of the acousticcompliance of the enclosure with the acoustic mass of the passiveradiators) at a desired frequency. The number, shape, and size ofpassive radiators can be changed as long as the resultant force on theenclosure 62 from the movement of the diaphragms of the passiveradiators is reduced.

In one embodiment, the combination of the volume of the enclosure 62 andthe passive radiators 68, 69 is tuned to a lower frequency than thecombination of the volume of the sub-enclosure 64 and the passiveradiator 66. The lower frequency tuning can require passive radiatorsthat have a higher mass. Thus, configuring the system with the high masspassive radiators 68, 69 located on opposite sides of the enclosure 62reduces the resultant force applied to the enclosure 62 by the movementof the high mass passive radiators 68, 69. It should be noted that thepassive radiator 66 is not opposed. However, since it is tuned to ahigher frequency, it typically has a lower moving mass than the highmass passive radiators 68, 69. Thus, the force applied to the enclosure62 from the movement of the passive radiator 66 is relatively small.

FIG. 5D is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with an assembly 70 mounted in an enclosure 72. Theassembly 72 includes the first 12 and the second transducers 13 that aremounted to a sub-enclosure 74. The first 12 and the second transducers13 are mechanically coupled to each other using the mechanical links 14.The first 12 and the second transducers 13 can alternatively bemechanically coupled through the connecting member 19. In anotherembodiment, the first 12 and the second transducers 13 can be indirectlyacoustically coupled through the walls of the enclosures 72, 74 withoutincluding the mechanical links 14 or the connecting member 19. Also, itshould be noted that the volumes 72 a and 72 b can be part of acontiguous acoustic volume, or could be physically separate volumes.

The first surface 21 a of the diaphragm 21 in the first transducer 12and the first surface 22 a of the diaphragm 22 in the second transducer13 are acoustically coupled to the sub-enclosure 74. The sub-enclosure74 includes the first passive radiator 66 and a second passive radiator76. The first 66 and second passive radiators 76 are located on opposingwalls of the enclosure 72. This arrangement allows the diaphragms of thepassive radiators 66, 76 to move in substantially opposite directionswhen they are stimulated by the acoustic energy in the sub-enclosure 74from the movement of the diaphragms 21, 22. The opposing motion of thediaphragms 66, 76 reduce a resultant mechanical force on the enclosure72 compared to what would otherwise be applied if the diaphragms 66, 76moved in the same or random directions.

The dimensions and volume of the sub-enclosure 74 and the first 66 andthe second passive radiators 76 are determined based on thecharacteristics of the transducers 12, 13 and the desired frequencyresponse of the system, for example. The first 66 and the second passiveradiators 76 can be replaced by one or more acoustic ports.

The sub-enclosure 74 is mounted within the enclosure 72. The secondsurface 21 b of the diaphragm 21 in the first transducer 12 and thesecond surface 22 b of the diaphragm 22 in the second transducer 13 areacoustically coupled to the enclosure 72. The enclosure 72 includes athird 68 and a fourth passive radiator 69. The third 68 and fourthpassive radiators 69 are located on opposing walls of the enclosure 72.This arrangement allows the diaphragms of the passive radiators 68, 69to move in substantially opposite directions when they are stimulated bythe acoustic energy in the enclosure 72 from the movement of thediaphragms 21, 22. The opposing motion of the diaphragms 68, 69 reducesthe resultant mechanical force on the enclosure 72 compared to whatwould otherwise be applied if the diaphragms 68, 69 moved in the same orrandom directions.

The dimensions of the enclosure 72 and the dimensions of the passiveradiators 68, 69 are determined based on the characteristics of thetransducers 12, 13 and the desired frequency response of the system, forexample. Skilled artisans will appreciate that the number, shape, andsize of passive radiators can be changed as long as the resultant forceon the enclosure 72 from the movement of the diaphragms of the passiveradiators is reduced.

FIG. 5E is a diagrammatic representation of an alternative embodiment ofthe invention with an assembly 80 mounted in an enclosure 81. Theassembly 80 includes a first transducer 82 having an inverted motorstructure and a first diaphragm 83. The assembly 80 also includes asecond 84, a third 86, and a fourth transducer 88. The second transducer84 includes an inverted motor structure and a second diaphragm 85. Thethird transducer 86 includes an inverted motor structure and a thirddiaphragm 87. The fourth transducer 88 includes an inverted motorstructure and a fourth diaphragm 89. The transducers 82, 84, 86, 88 areattached using rigid members 90. Portions of the rigid members 90 areacoustically transparent such that acoustic energy can pass though themwith substantially no attenuation.

Input signals are applied to the transducers 82, 84, 86, 88 having thedesired relative phase such that motions of the diaphragms 83, 85, 87,89 reduce a resultant mechanical force on the rigid members 90 and onthe enclosure 81 that would otherwise be applied if an input signal wasapplied to only one of the transducers 82, 84, 86, 88. The input signalscause the first diaphragm 83 in the first transducer 82 and the thirddiaphragm 87 in the third transducer 86 to move in a first direction.The input signals cause the second diaphragm 85 in the second transducer84 and the fourth diaphragm 89 in the fourth transducer 88 to move in asecond direction that is substantially opposite to the first direction.

Acoustic energy is coupled from a front surface of the first diaphragm83 to the listening area 18. Acoustic energy is indirectly coupled tothe listening area 18 from the rear surface of the second diaphragm 85and the front surface of the third diaphragm 87 through an acoustic path91. Acoustic energy is also indirectly coupled to the listening area 18from the rear surface of the fourth diaphragm 89 through the acousticpath 91. The directly-coupled acoustic energy from the first transducer82 and the indirectly-coupled acoustic energy from the acoustic path 91arrive at the listening area 18 substantially in-phase.

Acoustic energy from the rear surface of the first diaphragm 83 and thefront surface of the second diaphragm 85 as well as the rear surface ofthe third diaphragm 87 and the front surface of the fourth diaphragm 89are acoustically coupled to the cavity 92 The multi-element assembly 80can be used in any embodiment where a two element assembly is used.

The dimensions of the enclosure 81 including the dimensions of thecavity 92 are determined based on the characteristics of the transducers82, 84, 86, 88 and the desired frequency response of the system, forexample.

FIG. 5F is a diagrammatic representation of an embodiment of theinvention showing an unmounted assembly 80′ including four separatetransducers 82′, 84′, 86′, 88′. The transducers 82′, 84′, 86′, 88′ areconfigured to be analogous to a single transducer with a front side 93and a backside 95. The pressure P1 at the front side 93 (a firstlocation) is out of phase with the pressure P2 at the backside 95 (asecond location). Thus, the assembly 80′ can be used to replace a singletransducer. The assembly 80′ can also be mounted in any enclosure orbaffle. The transducers 82′, 84′, 86′, 88′ are configured and orientedsuch that input signals applied to the first pair of transducers 82′,84′ cause the movable elements in the transducers 82′, 84′ to move insubstantially opposite directions relative to each other and inputsignals applied to the second pair of transducers 86′, 88′ cause themovable elements in the transducers 86′, 88′ to also move insubstantially opposite directions relative to each other. Various otherconfigurations can be used without departing from the invention. Forexample, additional transducers could also be used in variousorientations as long as the pressure P.sub.1 at the first location isout of phase with the pressure P.sub.2 at the second location.

In one embodiment, the transducers are oriented in a substantiallycolumnar configuration. Additionally, an arbitrary number of transducerscan be used including an odd number of transducers. A complex baffle canbe used to maintain the phase relationship between the pressure P.sub.1at the first location and the pressure P.sub.2 at the second location.

In one embodiment, the first pair of diaphragms of the transducers 82′,84′ and the second pair of diaphragms of the transducers 86′, 88′ aremechanically coupled to a frame 96. The first pair of diaphragms and thesecond pair of diaphragms are oriented substantially in-line. Aspreviously discussed, input signals applied to the motor structures ofthe transducers 82′, 84′ cause the first pair of diaphragms to move insubstantially opposite directions relative to each other. Input signalsapplied to the motor structures of the transducers 86′, 88′ cause thesecond pair of diaphragms to move in substantially opposite directionsrelative to each other.

In one embodiment, the movement of the second pair of diaphragms of thetransducers 86′, 88′ is substantially in phase with the movement of thefirst pair of diaphragms of the transducers 82′, 84′. An acoustic shield97 can be located proximate to the first pair of diaphragms. Theacoustic shield 97 is configured to prevent acoustic energy from a firstsurface of a diaphragm in the first pair of transducers 82′, 84′ fromdestructively combining with acoustic energy from a second surface ofthe diaphragm. Another acoustic shield 98 can be located proximate tothe second pair of diaphragms. The other acoustic shield 98 preventsacoustic energy from a first surface of a diaphragm in the second pairof transducers 86′, 88′ from destructively combining with acousticenergy from a second surface of the diaphragm. In one embodiment, asubstantially contiguous baffle separates the front side pressure P1from the back side pressure P2 in the transducer assembly 80′.

The transducers 82′, 84′, 86′, 88′ can be mounted in an enclosure.Additionally, the diaphragms of the transducers 82′, 84′, 86′, 88′ canbe arranged in various orientations, such as inverted or non-invertedrelative to each other. Although the transducers 82′, 84′, 86′, 88′ areillustrated having standard motor structures, the transducers 82′, 84′,86′, 88′ can include inverted motor structures.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a typical loudspeaker assembly 100carried by an infinite baffle 102, such as a vehicle rear package shelf.The loudspeaker assembly 100 includes a first 104 and a secondelectro-acoustic transducer 106 that are seated into apertures in theinfinite baffle 102. The electro-acoustic transducers 104, 106 arerigidly mounted to the infinite baffle 102 using screws or otherhardware. The first electro-acoustic transducer 104 includes a diaphragm108 and a motor structure 110. The second electro-acoustic transducer106 also includes a diaphragm 112 and a motor structure 114.

A front surface of each of the diaphragms 108, 112 is acousticallycoupled to a listening area 116 which can be the passenger compartmentof a vehicle, for example. A rear surface of each of the diaphragms 108,112 is acoustically coupled to a cavity 118 which can be the trunk ofthe vehicle.

A power amplifier 17 energizes the motor structures 110, 114 in thefirst 104 and the second electro-acoustic transducers 106 with an inputsignal. In some systems, each of the first 104 and the secondelectro-acoustic transducers 106 are driven using different inputsignals, such as left or right stereo signals. The input signals appliedto the motor structures 110, 114 cause the diaphragms 108, 112 to move,thereby creating acoustic energy that is coupled to the listening area116.

The electro-acoustic transducers 104, 106 are rigidly mounted to theinfinite baffle 102, and therefore, the movement of the diaphragms 108,112 generates mechanical forces on the infinite baffle 102. Thesemechanical forces can degrade the sound emanating from theelectro-acoustic transducers 108, 112 because the infinite baffle 102 istypically fabricated from thin material, such as thin sheet metal. Suchthin materials typically have insufficient stiffness to resist vibrationand are typically lightly dampened. As a result, the mechanical forcesapplied to the infinite baffle 102 around the modal resonancefrequencies of the infinite baffle 102 can result in excessive vibrationof the structure, which can be acoustically perceived as undesiredbuzzes and rattles, and/or degraded frequency response of the radiatedsound.

FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system 150including the electro-acoustic transducers 104, 106 according to oneembodiment of the invention. The first 104 and the secondelectro-acoustic transducers 106 can be arranged in a substantiallyparallel configuration so that the motion of the diaphragms 108, 112 isalong the same axis. By substantially parallel, we mean that thetransducers 104, 106 can be arranged to be exactly parallel to eachother or can be arranged to be slightly non-parallel to each other whilestill providing an effective result. However, substantially non-parallelconfigurations can also be realized. For example, in an embodimentincluding an odd number of transducers, each of the transducers can bearranged to be non-parallel to the other transducers. In one embodiment,the first transducer 104 includes the first movable diaphragm 108. Thefirst movable diaphragm 108 includes a first surface 152 that isacoustically coupled to the listening area 116. For example, the firstsurface 152 can be a front or rear surface of the first diaphragm 108. Asecond surface 154 of the first diaphragm 108 is acoustically coupled tothe cavity 118. For example, the second surface 154 can be the front orrear surface of the first diaphragm 108. The first transducer 104 ismounted to a first baffle 156.

In one embodiment, the second transducer 106 includes the second movablediaphragm 112. The second movable diaphragm 112 includes a first surface158 that is acoustically coupled to the listening area 116. For example,the first surface 158 can be a front or rear surface of the seconddiaphragm 112. A second surface 160 of the second diaphragm 112 isacoustically coupled to the cavity 118. For example, the second surface160 can be the front or rear surface of the second diaphragm 112. Thesecond transducer 106 is mounted to a second baffle 162. The secondbaffle 162 can be positioned substantially parallel to the first baffle156. The first baffle 156 is structurally coupled to the second baffle162. A rigid member 164 can form part of an enclosure surrounding thecavity 118. Other rigid members 180, 182 can also form part of theenclosure surrounding the cavity 118. The rigid members 180, 182 arearranged to acoustically isolate the front surfaces 152, 158 of eachdiaphragm 108, 112 from the rear surfaces 154, 160. The rigid members180, 182 are shown without shading for clarity.

The loudspeaker system 150 is coupled to an infinite baffle 166. Thefirst 156 and the second baffles 162 can be positioned to besubstantially perpendicular to the infinite baffle 166. The infinitebaffle 166 can be a rear package shelf or a door panel in a vehicle, ora door, wall, floor, or ceiling of a room, for example. The loudspeakersystem 150 can also be mounted behind a seatback, a dashboard, or in aheadliner of a vehicle. The first 108 and the second diaphragms 112 ofthe first 104 and the second transducers 106 can be any shape or sizedepending on the requirements of the system. For example, the shape ofthe diaphragms 108, 112 can be round or elliptical, or any othersuitable shape. Additionally, the diaphragms 108, 112 can be anydiameter in the case of round diaphragms or any elliptical size such as4.times.6, 5.times.7, or 6.times.9 in the case of elliptical diaphragms.Elliptical diaphragms have a different shape than round diaphragms, andthus, transducers having elliptical diaphragms can provide additionalpackaging flexibility as compared to similarly sized transducers havinground diaphragms.

In one embodiment, the frame of the first transducer 104 is molded intothe first baffle 156 and the first diaphragm 108 is then attached to themolded frame. The frame of the second transducer 106 can also be moldedinto the second baffle 166 and the second diaphragm 112 can then beattached to the molded frame. Any transducer, regardless of the processof manufacturing the transducer, can be used.

An input signal from a signal source (not shown) is coupled to an inputport 168 of the power amplifier 17. An output port 170 of the poweramplifier 17 is electrically coupled to an input 172 of the firsttransducer 104 and an input 174 of the second transducer 106 throughconductive paths 176, 178. The power amplifier 17 energizes the firsttransducer 104 and the second transducer 106 with an input signal anddrives the first 104 and the second transducer 106 substantially inphase to produce an acoustic output signal. The system 150 is arrangedsuch that when the diaphragm 108 of the first transducer 104 is movingin one direction, the diaphragm 112 of the second transducer 106 movesin the substantially opposite direction, which significantly reducesresultant forces applied to the rigid members 164, 180, 182 whilesignificantly maintaining the acoustic output signal. This also reducesundesired resultant vibrations in the baffles 156, 162 and the infinitebaffle 166. The resultant vibration in the baffle 166 due to the motionof the movable elements of both transducers 104, 106 being driven withan input signal is less than a vibration imparted to the baffle 166 dueto the motion of a single transducer being driven alone with the sameinput signal.

In one embodiment, the first 104 and the second transducer 106 aredriven substantially in mechanical phase opposition by an input signalsuch that a resultant mechanical force applied to the rigid member 164from the movement of the first 108 and the second movable diaphragms 112is reduced, while the acoustic outputs from the first 104 and the secondtransducers 106 are combined acoustically in phase. In one embodiment,each transducer 104, 106 is identical and the force imparted to thebaffle 166 due to the motion of the movable elements of the firsttransducer 104 is substantially equal and opposite to the force impartedto the baffle 166 due to the motion of the moveable elements of thesecond transducer 106. The opposite motion of the movable elements ofthe transducers 104, 106 reduce a resultant force and a vibrationimparted to the baffle 166.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the direction of movement of themovable elements of each of the transducers 104, 106 is substantiallycollinear. The transducers 104, 106 are shown being mounted in asymmetrical manner, but non-symmetrical embodiments can be realized bydetermining appropriate force vectors and mounting the transducers atsuitable orientations with respect to each other. For example, in anembodiment having three transducers (not shown), each transducer can beoriented at a vertice of an isosceles triangle such that principle axisof radiation of each transducer intersect in the center of the triangle.The resultant forces imparted to the baffle by the movement of themoveable elements in the transducers is reduced when input signalshaving the appropriate polarity are applied to each transducer.

The transducers 104, 106 can include low-pass, high-pass, or band-passfilters or crossover networks, for example. The filters can be acousticor electrical filters. The electrical filters can be active or passivefilters. The electrical filters can be analog, digital, or a combinationof analog and digital filters. For example, a low-pass filter canrestrict spectral components of the input signal above a predeterminedcutoff frequency, whereas a high-pass filter can restrict spectralcomponents of the input signal below a predetermined cutoff frequency.

In one embodiment (not shown), the acoustic output from the secondsurfaces 154, 160 of the first 108 and the second diaphragms 112 can becoupled to the listening area 116 through an acoustic port (not shown)that is coupled to the cavity 118.

In one embodiment (not shown), the first transducer 104 and the secondtransducer 106 are arranged such that the first 108 and the seconddiaphragm 112 are positioned in the same orientation, such as is shownin FIG. 1A. In this embodiment, the power amplifier 17 energizes thefirst transducer 104 and the second transducer 106 with signals havingopposite polarity. The system is arranged such that when the diaphragm108 of the first transducer 104 is moving in one direction, thediaphragm 112 of the second transducer 106 is moving in thesubstantially opposite direction, which significantly reduces theresultant force applied to the rigid members 164, 180, 182. This alsoreduces undesired resultant vibrations in the baffle 166.

The second transducer 106 is not required to be identical to the firsttransducer 104. All that is required for significant reduction invibration is for the moving mass and generated motor force of the secondtransducer 106 to approximately equal the moving mass and generatedmotor force of the first transducer 104. Such a component could be madeat lower cost than the cost of a transducer that is identical to thefirst transducer 104.

In one embodiment, the first baffle 156, the rigid members 164, 180,182, and the second baffle 162 are fabricated from a single sheet ofmaterial. The sheet of material can be formed from wood, metal,fiberglass, particle board, or any suitable material. In anotherembodiment, the first 156 and the second baffle 162 are rigidly mountedto the rigid member 164. The assembly can then be mounted to the baffle166. As previously described, the baffle 166 can be a rear packageshelf, a seatback, a floorboard, an interior door panel, a headliner ora dashboard of a vehicle. Alternatively, the baffle 166 can be astructural panel such as a wall, a ceiling, a floor, or a door in aresidence, business, theater, stadium, or concert hall, for example.

In one embodiment, the first baffle 156 and the second baffle 162 can besimilarly sized so that the first 104 and the second transducers 106 canbe arranged in a parallel configuration such that the first 108 and thesecond diaphragms 112 are aligned with each other. An optional means ofassembly could be to rigidly attach the top of a motor structure of thefirst transducer 104 to the top of a motor structure of the secondtransducer 106 using a rigid connecting member 19. In an embodiment inwhich the transducers 104, 106 are inverted relative to the illustrativeembodiment of FIG. 7, the rigid connecting member 19 connects the rearof the motor structures of the transducers 104, 106.

FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system 200including the electro-acoustic transducers 104, 106 and additional third202 and fourth electro-acoustic transducers 204 according to oneembodiment of the invention. The first 104 and the secondelectro-acoustic transducers 106 are arranged in a parallelconfiguration so that the motion of the diaphragms 108, 112 is in thesame axial direction. In this embodiment, the first 104 and the secondelectro-acoustic transducers 106 are positioned in an invertedarrangement compared with the loudspeaker system 150 illustrated in FIG.7, but can be arranged in the same configuration.

The third 202 and the fourth electro-acoustic transducers 204 are alsoarranged in a parallel configuration so that the motion of diaphragms206, 208 is in the same axial direction. In general, the direction ofmotion of the diaphragms 108, 112 of the electro-acoustic transducers104, 106 is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the diaphragms206, 208 of the electro-acoustic transducers 202, 204. The firsttransducer 104 is mounted to the first baffle 156. The second transducer106 is mounted to the second baffle 162. The second baffle 162 ispositioned substantially parallel to the first baffle 156. The rigidmember 164 mechanically couples the first baffle 156 to the secondbaffle 162.

The third transducer 202 is mounted to a third baffle 210. The fourthtransducer 204 is mounted to the fourth baffle 212. The third baffle 210is positioned substantially parallel to the fourth baffle 212. The rigidmember 164 mechanically couples the third baffle 210 to the fourthbaffle 212. The rigid member 164 also forms part of an enclosuresurrounding the cavity (not shown). The loudspeaker system 200 iscoupled to the infinite baffle 166. As previously discussed, theinfinite baffle 166 can be a rear package shelf, a headliner, afloorboard, a seatback, or a door panel in a vehicle, or a structuralpanel, such as a wall, floor, or ceiling of a room, for example.

The power amplifier 17 energizes the first transducer 104 and the secondtransducer 106 with electrical signals having the same polarity anddrives the first 104 and the second transducer 106 mechanically in phaseopposition. The system 200 is arranged such that when the diaphragm 108of the first transducer 104 is moving in one direction, the diaphragm112 of the second transducer 106 moves in the substantially oppositedirection, which significantly reduces the forces applied to the rigidmember 164. This also reduces undesired resultant vibrations in thebaffles 156, 162 and the infinite baffle 166.

Another power amplifier 214 (or the same power amplifier 17) energizesthe third transducer 202 and the fourth transducer 204 with electricalsignals having the same polarity and drives the third 202 and the fourthtransducer 204 in mechanical phase opposition. The system 200 isarranged such that when the diaphragm 206 of the third transducer 202 ismoving in one direction, the diaphragm 208 of the fourth transducer 204moves in the substantially opposite direction, which significantlyreduces the forces applied to the rigid member 164. This also reducesundesired resultant vibrations in the baffles 210, 212 and the infinitebaffle 166.

In one embodiment, one or more power amplifiers (not shown) energize thefirst 104, the second 106, the third 202, and the fourth transducers 204with electrical signals having appropriate polarity and drive the firstpair of transducers 104, 106, in mechanical phase opposition and thesecond pair of transducers 202, 204 in mechanical phase opposition. Inthis embodiment, the diaphragms 108, 112 of the transducers 104, 106move in substantially opposite directions relative to each other and thediaphragms 206, 208 of the transducers 202, 204 move in substantiallyopposite directions relative to each other.

In one embodiment (not shown), the first transducer 104, the secondtransducer 106, the third transducer 202, and the fourth transducer 204are arranged such that the diaphragms 108, 112, 206, 208 are positionedin various orientations, such as inverted relative to each another. Inthis embodiment, the power amplifiers 17, 214 energize the transducers104, 106, 202, 204 with signals having specific phases that drive thepairs of diaphragms 108, 112 and 206, 208 in substantially oppositedirections regardless of their orientation. The system is arranged suchthat when the diaphragm 108 of the first transducer 104 is moving in onedirection, the diaphragm 112 of the second transducer 106 is moving inthe substantially opposite direction. Similarly, when the diaphragm 206of the third transducer 202 is moving in one direction, the diaphragm208 of the fourth transducer 204 is moving in the substantially oppositedirection. This substantially opposite movement significantly reducesthe resultant forces applied to the rigid member 164. This also reducesundesired resultant vibrations in the baffle 166.

In one embodiment, a common input signal is applied to the transducers104, 106, 202, 204 such that the diaphragms 108, 112, 206, 208 of thetransducers 104, 106, 202, 204 all move inward toward the center of theassembly, simultaneously, and move outward for the opposite polarityapplied. In some embodiments, the transducers 104, 106, 202, 204 caninclude standard or inverted motor structures.

FIG. 9A illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system 250including a first 252 and a second electro-acoustic transducer 254 thatare mounted to an infinite baffle 256 according to one embodiment of theinvention. The first 252 and the second transducers 254 are positionedso that the front surfaces of diaphragms 258, 260 are substantially inthe same orientation and facing each other. The distance (d) 262 betweenthe first 252 and the second transducers 254 can be varied while stillminimizing undesired vibrations in the baffle 256 that result from themovement the diaphragms 258, 260 of the first 252 and the secondtransducers 254. The movement of the diaphragms 258, 260 is generated bythe motor structures of the first 252 and the second transducers 254.

A front surface of each of the diaphragms 258, 260 of the transducers252, 254 is acoustically coupled to the listening area 116 which can bethe passenger compartment of a vehicle or a room, for example. A rearsurface of each of the diaphragms 258, 260 is acoustically coupled tothe infinite cavity 118 which can be the trunk of the vehicle or avolume of space between the walls or under a floor in a residence, forexample. The transducers 252, 254 can be elliptically shaped.Elliptically shaped transducers can be oriented to minimize the depthintrusion into the cavity 118.

The amplifier 17 provides an input signal to the first 252 and thesecond transducer 254. In the embodiment shown, each of the first 252and the second transducer 254 receives the input signal having the samerelative polarity. This causes the diaphragms 258, 260 of thetransducers 252, 254 to move in substantially opposite directions. Themovement of the diaphragms 258, 260 generates mechanical forces on thebaffle 256. The mechanical forces that are imparted to the baffle 256can degrade the sound emanating from the transducers 252, 254 especiallyaround the modal resonance frequencies of the baffle 256. Excitation ofthese modal resonance frequencies can result in excessive vibration ofthe baffle 256, which can be acoustically perceived as undesired buzzesand rattles, and/or degraded frequency response of the radiated sound.The substantially opposite movement of the diaphragms 258, 260 caneffectively reduce these vibrations in the baffle 256.

FIG. 9B illustrates a side view of a loudspeaker system 265 including afirst 252 and a second electro-acoustic transducer 254 that are mountedto an infinite baffle 256 according to another embodiment of theinvention. An optional rigid connecting member 19 can mechanicallycouple the motor structures 266, 267 of the transducers 252, 254. Theamplifier 17 provides input signals to the first 252 and the secondtransducer 254. Each of the first 252 and the second transducer 254receives the input signal having the same relative polarity. This causesthe diaphragms of the transducers 252, 254 to move in substantiallyopposite directions, thereby reducing a resultant mechanical forceimparted to the baffle 256. In one embodiment, the amplifier 17 providesmonophonic low frequency signals to the transducers 252, 254 such thatthe transducers move in substantially opposite directions in response tothe low frequency signals. The amplifier 17 can also providestereophonic higher frequency signals to the transducers 252, 254 sincehigher frequency signals generally create less forces on the baffle 256than lower frequency signals.

FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system 270including a first pair 272, 274 and a second pair of electro-acoustictransducers 276, 278 that are mounted to an infinite baffle 280according to one embodiment of the invention. A first plurality of rigidmembers 282, 283, 284 is mechanically coupled between the first pair oftransducers 272, 274. A second plurality of rigid members 285, 286, 287is mechanically coupled between the second pair of transducers 276, 278.

A first amplifier 288 transmits an input signal to each of the firstpair of electro-acoustic transducers 272, 274 through conductive paths289, 290. For example, the first amplifier 288 can be a first channel ina stereo or multichannel amplifier, such as a left channel amplifier ina stereo system. In one embodiment, the polarity of the input signaltraveling through the conductive path 290 is modified before it reachesthe transducer 272. In another embodiment, an input signal is applied tothe first pair of transducers 272, 274 and the motor structures of thefirst pair of transducers 272, 274 are inversely configured with respectto each other. For example, a magnet in the motor structure of thetransducer 272 can have its poles inverted with respect to the magnet inthe motor structure of the transducer 274. This causes the diaphragms inthe first pair of transducers 272, 274 to move in substantially oppositedirections in response to being driven by the input signal. The opposingmotion of the diaphragms in the first pair of transducers 272, 274reduces a resultant mechanical force applied to the rigid members 282,283, 284 that is generated from the movement of the diaphragms in thetransducers 272, 274. A front surface of a diaphragm in the transducer272 and a rear surface of a diaphragm in the transducer 274 areacoustically coupled to the listening area 116, which can be thepassenger compartment of a vehicle. A rear surface of the diaphragm inthe transducer 272 and a front surface of the diaphragm in thetransducer 274 are acoustically coupled to the cavity 118, which can bethe trunk of the vehicle.

A second amplifier 292 transmits an input signal to each of the secondpair of electro-acoustic transducers 276, 278 through conductive paths294, 296. For example, the second amplifier 292 can be a second channelin a stereo or multichannel amplifier, such as a right channel amplifierin a stereo system. In one embodiment, the polarity of the input signaltraveling through the conductive path 296 is modified before it reachesthe transducer 278. In another embodiment, an input signal is applied tothe second pair of transducers 276, 278 and the motor structures of thesecond pair of transducers 276, 278 are inversely configured withrespect to each other. This causes the diaphragms in the second pair oftransducers 276, 278 to move in substantially opposite directions inresponse to being driven by an input signal. The opposing motion of thediaphragms in the second pair of transducers 276, 278 reduces aresultant mechanical force applied to the rigid members 285, 286, 287that is generated from the movement of the diaphragms in the transducers276, 278.

A front surface of a diaphragm in the transducer 278 and a rear surfaceof a diaphragm in the transducer 276 are acoustically coupled to thelistening area 116. A rear surface of the diaphragm in the transducer278 and a front surface of the diaphragm in the transducer 276 areacoustically coupled to the cavity 118.

The first 272, 274 and second pairs of transducers 276, 278 effectivelyreduce the resultant forces on each of the rigid members 282, 283, 284,285, 286, and 287. Thus, vibrations that can couple into the infinitebaffle 280 from the first 272, 274 and second pairs of transducers 276,278 are also reduced.

FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view of a loudspeaker system 300including a pair of electro-acoustic transducers 302, 304 that aremounted to an infinite baffle 306 which can be a seatback 323 of a rearseat 308 of a vehicle. In this embodiment, the transducers 302, 304 aremounted to baffles 310, 312 such that the diaphragms of the transducers302, 304 are positioned substantially parallel to each other. Thebaffles 310, 312 are coupled to each other through rigid members 314,316, 318. The rigid members 314, 316, 318 form part of the loudspeakersystem 300 that intrudes into the cavity 116. For example, the cavity116 can be a trunk of a vehicle.

Front surfaces of the diaphragms in the transducers 302, 304 areacoustically coupled to a listening area 118 through a pass-through 322in the seatback 323 of the rear seat 308. In one embodiment, an armrest324 can fold into the pass-through 322 if desired. Rear surfaces of thediaphragms in the transducers 302, 304 are acoustically coupled to thecavity 116. In some embodiments, acoustic ports, acoustic waveguides,passive radiators and/or acoustic dampening material can be added to thecavity 116 to improve the performance of the loudspeaker system 300.

The diaphragms in the transducers 302, 304 can be any desired shapeincluding round or elliptical. Elliptically-shaped transducers have adifferent form factor than round transducers which can increasepackaging options in the vehicle. For example, the a packaging optionincluding elliptically-shaped transducers can be less intrusive in thecavity 116 then a packaging option using similarly sized roundtransducers. For example, the loudspeaker system 300 could include4.times.6, 5.times.7, or 6.times.9 inch transducers.

Although the loudspeaker system 300 is shown positioned behind the rearseat 308 of a vehicle, the loudspeaker system 300 could be positioned inother locations within the vehicle. For example, the loudspeaker system300 could be positioned under the seat 308, in the armrest 324, in adoor panel, under a dashboard, in a floor, in a headliner, or any othersuitable location. The loudspeaker system 300 could also be implementedin walls, ceiling and/or floors in a residence, a business, a theater, astadium, or a concert hall, for example.

In operation, an input signal from a signal source (not shown) iscoupled to a power amplifier (not shown). An output of the poweramplifier is electrically coupled to the first transducer 302 and thesecond transducer 304. The power amplifier energizes the firsttransducer 302 and the second transducer 304 with an input signal anddrives the first 302 and the second transducer 304 substantiallyacoustically in phase and in mechanical phase opposition to produce anacoustic output signal that is coupled to the listening area 118. Theloudspeaker system 300 is arranged such that when the diaphragm of thefirst transducer 302 is moving in one direction, the diaphragm of thesecond transducer 304 moves in the substantially opposite direction,which significantly reduces a resultant mechanical force applied to therigid members 314, 316, 318 while significantly maintaining the acousticoutput signal. This also reduces undesired resultant vibrations in therigid members 314, 316, 318, the infinite baffle 306 and the seatback323 of the rear seat 308. In one embodiment, the seatback 323 of therear seat 308 is the infinite baffle 306. The resultant vibration in theinfinite baffle 306 due to the motion of the movable elements of bothtransducers 302, 304 being driven with an input signal is less than avibration imparted to the infinite baffle 306 due to the motion of asingle transducer being driven alone with the same input signal.

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a loudspeaker system 350 accordingto the invention that is mounted to a structural panel 352. Thearrangement of the system 350 is similar to the arrangement of theapparatus described with reference to FIG. 1A. A first transducer 354 ismechanically coupled to the structural panel 352 (i.e., an infinitebaffle). The first transducer 354 includes an inverted motor structure356. A second transducer 358 having an inverted motor structure 360 ismechanically coupled to the first transducer 354 through rigid members362. For example, the loudspeaker system 350 can be mounted into a wall,floor, or a ceiling in a residential or commercial building.

A front surface of a diaphragm in the first transducer 354 isacoustically coupled to the listening area 318. A rear surface of adiaphragm in the second transducer 358 is acoustically coupled to thelistening area 318 through an acoustic path 366. A rear surface of thediaphragm in the first transducer 354 and a front surface of thediaphragm in the second transducer 358 are acoustically coupled to acavity 368. The cavity 368 can be acoustically coupled to the listeningarea 318 through an acoustic element, such as an acoustic port, anacoustic waveguide, or a passive radiator (not shown). For example, aspreviously described, the acoustic path 366 can include one or moreacoustic elements.

The rigid members 362 mechanically couple the first 354 and the secondtransducers 358 to the structural panel 352 (i.e., infinite baffle). Aninput signal applied to the first 354 and the second transducers 358causes the transducers 354, 358 to produce acoustic output into thelistening area 318. The transducers 354, 358 are driven so thatmechanical vibrations imparted to the rigid members 362 and the infinitebaffle 352 from the movement of the transducers 354, 358 are reduced.The system 350 can also include acoustic ports, acoustic waveguides,and/or passive radiators that acoustically couple acoustic energy fromthe cavity 368 to the listening area 318. An acoustically transparentscreen or grill 370 can be used to cover the system 350.

FIG. 13 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustictransducer 400 according to one embodiment of the invention. Theelectro-acoustic transducer 400 is a moving coil type transducer.However, a moving magnet type transducer could also be constructed. Theelectro-acoustic transducer 400 includes a magnet assembly 402 havingtwo sets of motor structures 403, 404 each with a single magnetic fluxgap. The transducer 400 also includes a first 406 and second diaphragm408 mounted to a common frame or basket 410. Other magnet assemblieshaving other motor structures geometries are also possible. For example,FIG. 17A illustrates a magnet assembly having a single motor structurewith multiple magnetic flux gaps.

The electro-acoustic transducer 400 of FIG. 13 is shown generallycircularly symmetric. However, circular symmetry is generally notrequired. For example, the first 406 and the second diaphragms 408 canbe elliptical, oval, or any other desired shape. Additionally, the first406 and the second diaphragms 408 can have the same or different surfaceareas. The motor structures 403, 404 can also be circularly symmetric orany other desired shape.

The first diaphragm 406 is mechanically coupled to the common frame 410through a first surround 412. The first diaphragm 406 is alsomechanically coupled to a first bobbin 414. The first bobbin 414 can befabricated from any suitable material including plastic, paper,cardboard, fiberglass, or Kapton, for example. A first voice coil 416 ismechanically coupled to the first bobbin 414. For example, the firstvoice coil 416 can be wound around the first bobbin 414. A first spider418 couples the first bobbin 414 to a support structure 420. The firstbobbin 414 positions the first voice coil 416 in a first magnetic fluxgap 422 of the first motor structure 403 in the magnet assembly 402.

The first motor structure 403 includes a top plate 424, a permanentmagnet 426, and a back plate/pole assembly 428. The permanent magnet 426can be a slug magnet that is generally disk-shaped. The permanent magnetcan be fabricated from a rare earth-based magnetic material such asSamarian Cobalt, Neodymium-Iron-Boron, and/or any other known magneticmaterial.

In one embodiment, the permanent magnet 426 is magnetized in a directionthat is normal to its flat surface. The north pole of the permanentmagnet 426 can be located on its upper surface and the south pole can belocated on its lower surface. However, the permanent magnet 426 can alsobe positioned with its poles reversed as long as the proper polarity ismaintained to ensure that the first voice coil 416 moves in the desireddirection.

Magnetic flux emanates from the top of the permanent magnet 426 and isconducted through the top plate 424 which can be fabricated from anymagnetically permeable material, such as steel. The magnetic flux thencrosses through the first magnetic flux gap 422 and onto the backplate/pole assembly 428 and then to the permanent magnet 426. Thus, afirst magnetic circuit is formed with magnetic flux passing through thefirst magnetic flux gap 422. The back plate/pole assembly 428 can alsobe fabricated from a magnetically permeable material, such as steel.

A dust cap 432 can be positioned on the first diaphragm 406 to protectthe first motor structure 403 from debris that can impact the operationof the transducer 400. The dust cap is generally attached to the firstdiaphragm 406 with glue or tape.

The first voice coil 416 includes wire leads 434 that are routed up thebobbin and lead through the dust cap and onto the first diaphragm 406.The wire leads 434 are generally coupled to braided wires 436, sometimesreferred to as tinsel wires that are routed to the outer edge of thefirst diaphragm 406 and out to terminals 438 that are attached to theframe 410. Skilled artisans will appreciate that there are variousmethods for attaching electrical terminals to the first voice coil 416.For example, the braided wires 436 can be routed along the first spider418, down the support structure 420, and out through the bottom of theframe 410.

The second diaphragm 408 is mechanically coupled to the common frame 410through a second surround 442. The second diaphragm 408 is alsomechanically coupled to a second bobbin 444. The second bobbin 444 canbe fabricated from any suitable material including plastic, paper,cardboard, fiberglass, or Kapton, for example. A second voice coil 446is mechanically coupled to the second bobbin 444. For example, thesecond voice coil 446 can be wound around the second bobbin 444. Asecond spider 448 couples the second bobbin 444 to the frame 410. Thesecond bobbin 444 positions the second voice coil 446 in a secondmagnetic flux gap 452 of the second motor structure 404 in the magnetassembly 402. The second magnetic flux gap 452 substantially surroundsthe first magnetic flux gap 422.

The second motor structure 404 substantially surrounds the first motorstructure 403. The second motor structure 404 includes a top plate 454,a permanent magnet 456, and a back plate/pole assembly 458. Thepermanent magnet 456 can be a ring magnet. The permanent magnet 456 canbe fabricated from a rare earth-based magnetic material or any otherknown magnetic material.

In one embodiment, the permanent magnet 456 is magnetized in a directionthat is normal to its flat surface. The north pole of the permanentmagnet 456 can be located on its upper surface and the south pole can belocated on its lower surface. However, the permanent magnet 456 can alsobe positioned with its poles reversed as long as the proper polarity ismaintained to ensure that the second voice coil 446 moves in the desireddirection.

Magnetic flux emanates from the top of the permanent magnet 456 and isconducted through the top plate 454 which can be fabricated from anymagnetically permeable material, such as steel. The magnetic flux thencrosses through the second magnetic flux gap 452 and onto the backplate/pole assembly 458 and then to the permanent magnet 456. Thus, asecond magnetic circuit is formed with magnetic flux passing through thesecond magnetic flux gap 452.

The second voice coil 446 includes wire leads 464 that are routed up thebobbin and lead under the second diaphragm 408. The wire leads 464 aregenerally coupled to braided wires 466 that are routed over the secondspider 448 and out to terminals 468 that are attached to the frame 410.Skilled artisans will appreciate that the braided wires can be routed tothe terminals 468 in various ways. For example, the wires can be routedalong the diaphragm 408 and out to terminals that are mounted to theframe 410.

The frame 410 can be formed using various techniques. For example, theframe 410 can be formed from a single piece of material or can befabricated in multiple sections. The frame 410 includes vents 470 toallow acoustic energy from between the diaphragms 406, 408 to propagatesubstantially unattenuated. The frame 410 also includes vents 472 toallow acoustic energy from the rear surface of the second diaphragm 408to propagate substantially unattenuated. The vents 470, 472 can bedistributed around the circumference of the frame 410. Acousticallytransparent scrim cloth 474 can be used to cover the vents 470 toprotect the second magnetic gap 452 from dust and debris.

In operation, an external source (not shown) such as an amplifierincludes output terminals that are electrically connected to theterminals 438, 468. The terminals 438, 468 can be connected to the sameoutput terminal on the amplifier as long as the diaphragms 406, 408 areproperly configured to move in mechanically opposite directions when aninput signal is applied to the terminals 438, 468. This configurationcan include inverting the magnetism of one of the magnets 426, 456 withrespect to the other magnet 426, 456 while maintaining the properrelative polarity of the voice coils 416, 446. For example, the windingsin the voice coils 416, 446 can be inverted, the polarity of theterminals 438, 468 can be reversed, as previously described.

An input signal applied to the terminals 438, 468 causes the first voicecoil 416 to move in one direction and causes the second voice coil 446to move in the substantially opposite direction. For example, a positivevoltage applied to the terminal 438 causes the first voice coil 416 tomove upward and a positive voltage applied to the terminal 468 causesthe second voice coil 446 to move downward. This causes the firstdiaphragm 406 to move mechanically opposite to the second diaphragm 408.The movement of the second diaphragm 408 reduces a resultant mechanicalforce applied to the frame 410 by the combined movement of the first 406and the second diaphragms 408 as compared to a movement of the firstdiaphragm 406 alone. Thus, a reduction in the mechanical force appliedto the frame 410 by the movement of the first diaphragm 406 is observed,even if the diaphragms 406, 408 and/or the motor structures 403, 404 arenot identical.

In addition, an input signal applied to the first voice coil 416 can bedifferent than an input signal applied to the second voice 446. Forexample, the input signals can be the same at low frequencies but can bedifferent at higher frequencies. Also, the input signals can be modifiedto compensate for asymmetries in the motor structures 403, 404 anddiaphragms 406, 408 to further reduce the resultant mechanical forceapplied to the frame 410 by the movement of the first 406 and the seconddiaphragms 408.

The motor structures 403, 404, and diaphragms 406, 408 can be driven inmechanical phase opposition over at least a portion of the low frequencyrange of an input signal. The low frequency range of an input signal cancreate a significant amount of movement from the diaphragms 406, 408.Some of that movement can create mechanical forces and/or vibrations inthe frame 410. The resultant mechanical forces/vibrations coupled intothe frame 410 are significantly reduced in the transducer 400, while theacoustic output from the transducer 400 is increased due to the combinedacoustic output of both diaphragms 406, 408 compared to asimilarly-sized transducer having a single diaphragm. It should be notedthat various structures designed to couple acoustic output from thesecond diaphragm 408 to the listening area are shown in followingfigures.

The motor structures 403, 404 and the diaphragms 406, 408 can be madesimilar in order to obtain a large reduction in mechanical forcesapplied to the frame 410. However, even non-identical motor structures403, 404 and the diaphragms 406, 408 can create a significant reductionin mechanical forces applied to the frame 410. Skilled artisans willappreciate that it is generally desirable to make the resonantfrequencies of the moving structures match each other closely. This canbe accomplished by designing various assemblies to include approximatelythe same moving mass and total suspension stiffness. Moving masses canbe adjusted by changing diaphragm materials or diaphragm geometryincluding thickness. Other methods can also be applied, such as byadding weights and/or modifying other moving structure components, suchas voice coil windings, spiders, dustcaps, and surrounds. It can be alsodesirable to closely match the behavior of the motor structures 403,404. Since the magnetic gaps 422, 452 have substantially differentdiameters, the components in the motor structures 403, 404 can bedesigned such that the motor structures 403, 404 have similarcharacteristics.

The fabrication of the transducer 400 can require certain designconsiderations due to the asymmetric nature of the transducer 400. Inone embodiment, the dynamics of the first motor structure 403/diaphragm406/suspension combination and the second motor structure 404/diaphragm408/suspension combination are designed to be substantially the same.For example, the diaphragms, spiders, dustcaps, and surrounds can beconfigured so that the moving masses are the same, the stiffness in eachrespective suspension system are the same, and the motor forces are thesame. One way to characterize motor force is by using a quantity knownas beta .beta. Beta .beta. is a motor quality factor and is defined as:

$\beta = \frac{({bl})^{2}}{r_{e}}$

where b is the flux density in the gap, 1 is the length of wire in thevoice coil, and r.sub.e is the DC resistance of the voice coil. Thus, byvarying one or more of these parameters, the motor quality factor foreach motor structure 403, 404 can be designed to be substantially thesame. For example, the system can be designed so that a voltage appliedto each voice coil 416, 466 results in a similar force output into asystem having a similar moving mass and a similar stiffness.

Thus, in one embodiment, the dynamics of the moving systems are designedto be substantially the same, and the force outputs of the motorstructures are designed to be substantially the same. The moving systemconsists of the diaphragm, dust cap (if present), a portion of thesurround, a portion of the spider, and the voice coil (including wireand bobbin). There can also be some mass associated with the air load onthe diaphragm (if the areas of the diaphragms are similar, the mass ofthe air loads will be similar). The total moving mass for the transducersub-assemblies should be approximately equal. The total suspensionstiffness from the spider and the surround of each transducersub-assembly should also be approximately equal. The total suspensionstiffness can also be affected by an optional back enclosure (notshown).

Each of the motor structures 403, 404 are formed from a magnet 426, 456,a back plate/pole piece 428, 458, a top plate 424, 454, along with avoice coil 416, 446. It can be desirable for the beta .beta. of eachtransducer sub-assembly to be the same, as well as the DC resistance ofthe voice coils. If each of the parameters that define thecharacteristics of the transducer sub-assemblies are the same (e.g.,beta, DCR, mass, compliance, etc.), the transducer sub-assemblies canhave very similar dynamic behavior.

However, due to possible asymmetry in some of the components, it can benecessary to choose actual components that are significantly differentfrom each other so that the overall behavior of the transducersub-assemblies is similar. For example, voice coils can have differentdiameters, with different numbers of windings, diaphragms can havedifferent masses to make up for voice coil differences, magnetic gapdimensions can be made different, and/or different quantities of magnetmaterial may be used, in order to improve the dynamic symmetry betweenthe two transducer sub-assemblies. In one embodiment, the primarycharacteristics to match are the area of the diaphragms, the movingmasses, the motor force constants (beta), and the stiffness of thesuspensions of the transducer sub-assemblies.

In one embodiment, the acoustic output from the second diaphragm 408 isnot coupled to the listening area, and its movement is only used toreduce a resultant force on the frame 410 that is caused by the movementof the first diaphragm 406.

FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a loudspeaker system 500including the electro-acoustic transducer 400 of FIG. 13 mounted to aninfinite baffle 11 according to one embodiment of the invention. Theinfinite baffle 11 is similar to the infinite baffle 11 described withreference to FIG. 1A. The frame 410 of the electro-acoustic transducer400 is mounted to the infinite baffle 11 using mounting hardware such asscrews, clips, glue, or sealant, for example. An acoustic shield 501 canprevent acoustic energy from the cavity 30 from undesirably combiningwith acoustic energy in the acoustic path 15, 16.

The front surface of the first diaphragm 406 is acoustically coupled tothe listening area 18. If the baffle 11 is the rear package shelf of avehicle, the listening area 18 is the passenger compartment of thevehicle. The rear surface of the first diaphragm 406 is acousticallycoupled to the cavity 30, which would be the vehicle trunk if the baffle11 is the rear package shelf.

The frame 410 in this embodiment includes additional vent holes 502 thatallow acoustic energy from rear surface of the second diaphragm 408 topropagate to listening area 18 through the acoustic path 15, 16. Therear surface of the first diaphragm 406 and the front surface of thesecond diaphragm 408 are acoustically coupled to the cavity 30. Insteadof a rear package shelf of a vehicle, the baffle 11 can be a wall,floor, or ceiling of a room and the electro-acoustic transducer 400 canbe positioned behind or flush with the wall, below the floor, or abovethe ceiling.

A power amplifier 17 energizes the motor structures 403, 404 of theelectro-acoustic transducer 400 with the same signal but drives them inmechanical opposition. The system is arranged such that when the firstdiaphragm 406 is moving in one direction, the second diaphragm 408 ismoving in the substantially opposite direction, which significantlyreduces the resultant mechanical forces applied to the baffle 11compared to forces applied to the baffle 11 from a movement of one ofthe diaphragms 406, 408. This also reduces undesired resultantvibrations of the baffle 11. Meanwhile, the acoustic output from therear surface of the second diaphragm 408 is coupled through the acousticpath 16 to the listening area 18 for emission that is substantially inphase with the output from the front surface of the first diaphragm 406.Thus, the input signal from the amplifier 17 that is applied to thesecond motor structure 404 causes the second diaphragm 408 to move in anopposite direction from the direction of movement of the first diaphragm406 to reduce a resultant force imparted to the baffle 11 whilemaintaining the acoustic output.

The acoustic output from the rear surface of the second diaphragm 408could also be coupled through a conduit of substantially constant orsmoothly varying cross section to the listening area 18 without loss ofgenerality. In some embodiments (not shown), the cavity 30 can includeone or more acoustic ports, acoustic waveguides, or passive radiatorsthat can couple acoustic energy from the cavity 30 to the listening area18. As previously described, any acoustic element can be used.

In one embodiment, separate amplifiers can be used to drive each voicecoil 416, 446 (FIG. 13) separately. This allows different signals to beapplied to each voice coil 416, 446 in the transducer 400. Equalizationcan be used to compensate for differences in the behavior of individualtransducer sub-assemblies to achieve a larger reduction in the resultantforce on the baffle 11 from the movement of the diaphragms 406, 408.

FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a loudspeaker system 520including the electro-acoustic transducer 400 of FIG. 13 mounted to anenclosure 522 according to one embodiment of the invention. Theelectro-acoustic transducer 400 is mounted to the enclosure 522 usingmounting hardware.

The front surface 406 a of the first diaphragm 406 is acousticallycoupled to a listening area 524. The rear surface 406 b of the firstdiaphragm 406 is acoustically coupled to a cavity 526 in the enclosure522.

The frame 410 of the electro-acoustic transducer 400 includes vent holes528 that allow acoustic energy from rear surface 408 b of the seconddiaphragm 408 to propagate to listening area 524 through an acousticpath 530.

A front surface 408 a of the second diaphragm 408 is also acousticallycoupled to the cavity 526 through vent holes 532. In some embodiments,the enclosure 522 can include one or more acoustic ports, acousticwaveguides, passive radiators, or other acoustic elements that cancouple acoustic energy from the cavity 526 to the listening area 524.

In another embodiment, the second diaphragm 408 is merely utilized toreduce a mechanical force imparted to the enclosure 522 from themovement of the first diaphragm 406. In this embodiment, the acousticenergy generated by the movement of the second diaphragm 408 is notused. In this embodiment, the path 530 that couples the rear surface ofthe diaphragm 408 to the listening area 524 can be omitted.

FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a loudspeaker system 550including the electro-acoustic transducer 400 of FIG. 13 mounted to astructural panel 552 according to one embodiment of the invention. Thestructural panel 552 is similar to the infinite baffle 11 described withreference to FIG. 14. For example, the structural panel 552 can be awall, floor, ceiling, door or other structure in a room. The frame 410of the electro-acoustic transducer 400 is mounted to the structuralpanel 552 using mounting hardware such as screws, clips, glue, orsealant, for example. Mechanical structures 553, 554 can preventacoustic energy emanating from between the diaphragms 406, 408 fromundesirably combining with acoustic energy emanating from the rearsurface of the second diaphragm 408. A screen or grill 555 can be usedto cover the electro-acoustic transducer 400.

The front surface of the first diaphragm 406 is acoustically coupled toa listening area 556. The rear surface of the first diaphragm 406 isacoustically coupled to a cavity 558 through the vent holes 470 in theframe 410. The cavity 558 is the space between the structural panel 552and another structural panel 560. The frame 410 in this embodiment alsoincludes the vent holes 472 that allow acoustic energy from the rearsurface of the second diaphragm 408 to propagate to the listening area556 through an acoustic path 564. A front surface of the seconddiaphragm 408 is coupled to the cavity 558.

An amplifier (not shown) energizes the motor structures 403, 404 (FIG.13) of the electro-acoustic transducer 400 with the same signal butdrives them in mechanical opposition. The system is arranged such thatwhen the first diaphragm 406 is moving in one direction, the seconddiaphragm 408 is moving in the substantially opposite direction, whichsignificantly reduces the resultant force applied to the structuralpanel 552. This also reduces undesired resultant vibrations of thestructural panel 552. Meanwhile, the acoustic output from the rearsurface of the second diaphragm 408 is coupled by the acoustic path 564to the listening area 556 for emission that is substantially in phasewith the output from the front surface of the first diaphragm 406. Thus,the input signal from the amplifier causes the second diaphragm 408 tomove in an opposite direction from the direction of movement of thefirst diaphragm 406 to reduce the resultant force imparted to thestructural panel 552 while maintaining the acoustic output.

The acoustic output from the rear surface of the second diaphragm 408could also be coupled through a conduit of substantially constant orsmoothly varying cross section to the listening area 556 without loss ofgenerality. In some embodiments (not shown), the cavity 558 can includeone or more acoustic ports, acoustic waveguides, or passive radiatorsthat can couple acoustic energy from the cavity 558 to the listeningarea 556, as previously described.

FIG. 17A is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transducer 600according to another embodiment of the invention. The embodiment shownin FIG. 17A is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, but includesa magnet assembly 602 having single motor structure 604 with a first 606and a second magnetic gap 608. The magnet assembly 602 includes a singlering magnet 610.

The electro-acoustic transducer 600 of FIG. 17A is shown generallycircularly symmetric. However, circular symmetry is generally notrequired. For example, the first 406 and the second diaphragms 408 canbe elliptical, oval, or any other desired shape. Additionally, the first406 and the second diaphragms 408 can have the same or different surfaceareas. The motor structure 604 can also be circularly symmetric or anyother desired shape.

The first diaphragm 406 is mechanically coupled to the first voice coil416 through the first bobbin 414. The first spider 418 couples the firstbobbin 414 to a support structure 420. The first bobbin 414 positionsthe first voice coil 416 in the first magnetic flux gap 606 of the motorstructure 604 in the magnet assembly 602. The motor structure 604includes a top plate 612, the permanent magnet 610, and a back plateassembly 614. The permanent magnet 610 can be fabricated from a rareearth-based magnetic material such as Samarian Cobalt,Neodymium-Iron-Boron, and/or any other known magnetic material.

In one embodiment, the permanent magnet 610 is magnetized in a directionthat is normal to its flat surface. The north pole of the permanentmagnet 610 can be located on its upper surface and the south pole can belocated on its lower surface. However, the permanent magnet 610 can alsobe positioned with its poles reversed.

Magnetic flux emanates from the top of the permanent magnet 610 and isconducted through the top plate 612 which can be fabricated from anymagnetically permeable material, such as steel. The magnetic flux thencrosses through the first magnetic flux gap 606 and onto the back plateassembly 614 and back to the permanent magnet 610. Thus, a firstmagnetic circuit is formed with magnetic flux passing through the firstmagnetic flux gap 606.

The electrical leads that electrically couple an external amplifier tothe first voice coil 416 are not shown. Skilled artisans will appreciatethat there are various methods for attaching electrical terminals to thefirst voice coil 416.

The second diaphragm 408 is mechanically coupled to the second voicecoil 446 through the second bobbin 444. The second spider 448 couplesthe second bobbin 444 to the frame 410. The second bobbin 444 positionsthe second voice coil 446 in the second magnetic flux gap 608 of themotor structure 604 in the magnet assembly 602. The second magnetic fluxgap 608 substantially surrounds the first magnetic flux gap 606. Themotor structure 604 also includes the back plate assembly 614corresponding to the second magnetic flux gap 608.

Magnetic flux emanates from the top of the permanent magnet 610 and isconducted through the top plate 612. The magnetic flux then crossesthrough the second magnetic flux gap 608 and onto the back plateassembly 614 and back to the permanent magnet 610. Thus, a secondmagnetic circuit is formed with magnetic flux passing through the secondmagnetic flux gap 608.

The first and the second magnetic circuit can be designed such that themagnetic flux emanating from the magnet 610 is split in a desiredmanner. Thus, the dimensions of the air gaps 606, 608 can be designed incombination with the voice coils 416, 446 such that the desired beta.beta. is observed for each motor structure. In one embodiment, the beta.beta. is substantially equivalent for each motor structure.

In operation, an external source (not shown) such as an amplifierincludes output terminals that are electrically connected to the voicecoils 416, 446. The voice coils 416, 446 are configured having theappropriate polarity such that they move in substantially oppositedirections when an input signal is applied to them. An input signalapplied to the voice coils 416, 446 causes the first voice coil 416 tomove in one direction and causes the second voice coil 446 to move inthe substantially opposite direction. This causes the first diaphragm406 to move in mechanical phase opposition to the second diaphragm 408.The movement of the second diaphragm 408 reduces a mechanical forceapplied to the frame 410 by the movement of the first diaphragm 406.Thus, a reduction in the mechanical force applied to the frame 410 bythe movement of the first diaphragm 406 is observed, even if thediaphragms 406, 408 are not identical.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view of the motor structure 604 in theelectro-acoustic transducer 600 of FIG. 17A. A line of symmetry 620divides the motor structure 604 so that only the right side of the motorstructure 604 is shown. The complete motor structure 604 can beillustrated by rotating FIG. 17B around the line of symmetry 620. Astatic magnetic field having magnetic field lines 622, 622′ emanatesfrom the top (north pole) of the ring magnet 610 and is conductedthrough the top plate 612. The magnetic field lines 622, 622′ then crossthrough the first 606 and the second magnetic gaps 608, respectively,and onto the back plate assembly 614. The magnetic field lines 622, 622′then return to the south pole of the ring magnet 610. Thus, two magneticcircuits are formed having opposite relative polarity.

An input signal having a current I.sub.1 is applied to the first voicecoil 416 in a first direction 624 that drives the first voice coil 416with a first polarity. The current I.sub.1 generates a first magneticfield having field lines 626. The first magnetic field is generally analternating-current (AC) magnetic field. The first magnetic field havingfield lines 626 can cause flux modulation distortion in theelectro-acoustic transducer 600. Flux modulation distortion is aphenomenon that results from the interaction of the first magnetic fieldhaving field lines 626 generated by the first voice coil 416 with thestatic magnetic field generated by the ring magnet 610. Specifically,the strength of the static magnetic field is undesirably varied due tointerference from the first magnetic field 626 generated by the firstvoice coil 416.

An input signal having a current I.sub.2 is applied to the second voicecoil 446 in the same direction 624 as the input signal applied to thefirst voice coil 416. The second voice coil 446 is wound in the samedirection as the first voice coil 416. The current I.sub.2 generates asecond magnetic field having field lines 626′. Thus, the first voicecoil 416 and the second voice coil 466 move in mechanical phaseopposition relative to each other. This is due to the direction of themagnetic field lines 622 in the first magnet flux gap 606 being oppositeto the direction the magnetic field lines 622′ in the second magneticflux gap 608.

The flux modulation distortion can be reduced since the second magneticfield generated by the second voice coil 446 has opposite polarity tothe first magnetic field generated by the first voice coil 416. Thus,since the magnetic fields generated by the voice coils 416, 446 are insubstantially opposite directions, the interaction between the staticmagnetic field from the magnet 610 and the magnetic fields generated bythe voice coils 416, 446 can be reduced.

The flux modulation distortion can also be suppressed by positioning oneor more optional copper (or other conducting material) shorting rings628 adjacent to magnetic gaps 606, 608 in the motor structure 604.Shorting rings 628 can also minimize the change in inductance of a voicecoil as a function of position in the gap.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transducer 630according to another embodiment of the invention. The embodiment shownin FIG. 18 is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 17A, but includesa magnet assembly 632 having an alternative ring magnet 634 which is aradially magnetized ring magnet also known as a donut magnet. The magnetassembly 632 includes the ring magnet 634 as well as a magnetic isolator636. The magnetic isolator is configured to prevent a magnetic shortcircuit from occurring. The magnetic isolator 636 can be fabricated froma plastic or other non-magnetically permeable material.

The ring magnet 634 is configured such that its magnetic poles arelocated on its vertical surfaces in a direction that is parallel to itsflat surface. For example, the north magnetic pole can be located on theinside vertical surface of the ring magnet 634 and the south magneticpole can be located on the outside vertical surface of the ring magnet634. However, the ring magnet 634 can also be magnetized with its polesreversed.

The magnet assembly 632 includes a motor structure 638 having the ringmagnet 634, the magnetic isolator 636, the back plate assembly 614, afirst side plate 640, and a second side plate 642. Magnetic fluxemanates from the inside surface of the ring magnet 634, propagatesthrough the first side plate 640, and crosses through the first magneticflux gap 606 and onto the back plate assembly 614. The magnetic fluxthen propagates through the second magnetic flux gap 608, and thenpropagates through the second side plate 642 back to the outside surfaceof the ring magnet 634. Thus, a magnetic circuit is formed havingmagnetic flux that passes through the first 606 and the second magneticflux gap 608.

In operation, an external source (not shown) such as an amplifierincludes output terminals that are electrically connected to the voicecoils 416, 446. The voice coils 416, 446 are configured havingappropriate polarity such that they move in mechanical opposition whenan input signal is applied to them. An input signal applied to the voicecoils 416, 446 causes the first voice coil 416 to move in one directionand causes the second voice coil 446 to move in the substantiallyopposite direction. This causes the first diaphragm 406 to move inmechanical opposition to the second diaphragm 408. The movement of thesecond diaphragm 408 reduces a mechanical force applied to the frame 410by the movement of the first diaphragm 406. Thus, a reduction in theresultant mechanical force applied to the frame 410 by the movement ofthe first diaphragm 406 is observed, even if the diaphragms 406, 408 arenot identical. It should be noted that the input signals applied to thevoice coils 416, 446 need not be identical as long as the properpolarity is maintained. In one embodiment, the input signals aremodified individually prior to being applied to each of the voice coils416, 446 to tune the movement of each voice coil 416, 446. This tuningcan further reduce the resultant mechanical force applied to the frame410 from the movement of the diaphragms 406, 408, as previouslydescribed with reference to FIG. 13.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transducer 650according to another embodiment of the invention. The electro-acoustictransducer 650 is a moving coil type transducer. However, a movingmagnet type transducer could also be constructed. The electro-acoustictransducer 650 includes a magnet assembly 652 having two motorstructures 654, 656 each with a single magnetic flux gap 658, 660. Thetwo motor structures 654, 656 share a single ring magnet 662.

A first voice coil 664 is wound around a first bobbin 668. The firstvoice coil 664 is positioned in the first magnetic flux gap 658. Asecond voice coil 670 is wound around a second bobbin 672. The secondvoice coil 670 is positioned in the second magnetic flux gap 660. Thefirst 664 and the second voice coils 670 can have substantially the samediameter. The two motor structures 654, 656 can have an over-hung orunder-hung design. The first magnetic flux gap 658 is adjacent to thesecond magnetic flux gap 660. In one embodiment, an air gap 674separates the first magnetic flux gap 658 from the second magnetic fluxgap 660. A non-magnetically conducting isolator can be positioned in theair gap 674. The first 658 and second magnetic flux gap 660 can havesubstantially the same diameter.

The first motor structure 654 includes a first magnetically permeableplate 676 that is positioned adjacent to the magnet 662. A first topplate 677 is mechanically coupled to the first magnetically permeableplate 676. The first magnetically permeable plate 676 is alsomechanically coupled to a first pole plate 678 through a first rigidsupport member 680. The first rigid support member 680 is fabricated tobe as thin as possible while still maintaining structural integrity. Thefirst rigid support structure 680 can create a magnetic short circuit inthe first motor structure 654. It is desirable to minimize the magnitudeof the magnetic short, and thus, the first rigid support structure 680contains as little material as necessary to maintain the structuralintegrity of the first motor structure 654. This is not limited tominimizing the thickness of the rigid support structure. Changing from acontinuous disc to a series of radial spokes (not shown) can also aid inminimizing the magnitude of the magnetic short. In another embodiment(not shown), the first rigid support structure 680 is replaced by anisolator that increases structural integrity while preventing a magneticshort circuit in the first motor structure 654. The isolator can befabricated from a non-magnetically permeable material.

The second motor structure 656 includes a second magnetically permeableplate 682 that is positioned adjacent to the magnet 662. A second topplate 683 is mechanically coupled to the second magnetically permeableplate 682. The second magnetically permeable plate 682 is alsomechanically coupled to a second pole plate 684 through a second rigidsupport member 686. Similar to the first rigid support structure 680,the second rigid support member 686 is fabricated to be as thin aspossible while still maintaining structural integrity of the secondmotor structure 656. Other magnet assemblies having other motorstructures geometries are also possible. For example, FIG. 20illustrates a magnet assembly having a first and a second motorstructure each having a permanent magnet.

The electro-acoustic transducer 650 also includes a first 690 and seconddiaphragm 692 mounted to a common frame or basket 694. In order toprevent the common frame 694 from shorting the magnetic circuit at theouter diameter, the frame can be fabricated in sections and/or the framecan be fabricated from non-magnetically permeable material. Theelectro-acoustic transducer 650 is shown generally circularly symmetric.However, circular symmetry is generally not required. For example, thefirst 690 and the second diaphragms 692 can be elliptical, oval, or anyother desired shape. Additionally, the first 690 and the seconddiaphragms 692 can have the same or different surface areas. The motorstructures 654, 656 can also be circularly symmetric or any otherdesired shape.

The first diaphragm 690 is mechanically coupled to the common frame 694through a first surround 696. The first diaphragm 690 is alsomechanically coupled to the first bobbin 668. A first spider 698 couplesthe first bobbin 668 to the common frame 694. The first bobbin 668positions the first voice coil 664 in the first magnetic flux gap 658 ofthe first motor structure 654 in the magnet assembly 652.

The second diaphragm 692 is mechanically coupled to the common frame 694through a second surround 700. The second diaphragm 692 is alsomechanically coupled to the second bobbin 672. A second spider 702couples the second bobbin 672 to the common frame 694. The second bobbin672 positions the second voice coil 670 in the second magnetic flux gap660 of the second motor structure 656 in the magnet assembly 652.

In one embodiment, the permanent magnet 662 is magnetized in a directionthat is normal to its flat surface. The north pole of the permanentmagnet 662 can be located on its upper surface and the south pole can belocated on its lower surface. However, the permanent magnet 662 can alsobe positioned with its poles reversed as long as the proper polarity ismaintained to ensure that the first 664 and the second voice coils 670move in the desired directions.

Magnetic flux emanates from the top surface of the permanent magnet 662and is conducted through the first magnetically permeable plate 676 andthrough the first top plate 677. The magnetic flux then crosses throughthe first magnetic flux gap 658 and onto the first pole plate 678. Acenter plate 704 conducts the magnetic flux through the second poleplate 684. The magnetic flux then crosses through the second magneticflux gap 660 and onto the second top plate 683. The magnetic flux thenpropagates through the second magnetically permeable plate 682 and backto the permanent magnet 662. Thus, a magnetic circuit is formed withmagnetic flux passing through the first 658 and the second magnetic fluxgaps 660. The center plate 704 can also be fabricated from amagnetically permeable material, such as steel.

If the rigid support structures 680, 686 are magnetically permeable,magnetic flux will travel from the magnet 662 to the first magneticallypermeable plate 676 through the rigid support structure 680, to thefirst pole plate 678, to the center plate 704 to the second pole plate684 through the rigid support structure 686 to the second magneticallypermeable plate 682 and back to the magnet 662. As previously described,this effect is minimized by keeping the rigid support structures 680,686 as thin as possible.

A first 706 and a second dust cap 708 can be positioned on the first 690and the second diaphragms 692 to protect the first 654 and the secondmotor structures 656 from debris that can impact the operation of thetransducer 650. The dust caps 706, 708 are generally attached to thediaphragms 690, 692 with glue.

The frame 694 can be formed using various techniques. For example, theframe 694 can be formed from a single piece of material or can befabricated in multiple sections. As previously described, the frame 694should be fabricated so as not to short circuit the motor structures654, 656. The frame 694 can include a first 710 and second set of vents712 to allow acoustic energy and air from between the diaphragms 690,692 to radiate out from the from the frame 694. The set of vents 710,712 can be distributed around the circumference of the frame 694. Thevents 710, 712 are not drawn to scale and the vents can be located inother areas around the frame 694. The vents 710, 712 should be designedso that the fluid velocity is kept low enough to prevent the vents 710,712 from making noise when the transducer 650 is operating.

The first 664 and the second voice coils 670 include wire leads (notshown) that are routed up the first 668 and the second bobbin 672 andeventually lead to terminals (not shown) that are attached to the frame694. For example, the wire leads can be routed through the dust caps706, 708, onto each of the diaphragms 690, 692, and braided flexiblewires can lead out to terminals attached to the frame 694.Alternatively, the braided flexible wires can be routed along thespiders 698, 702 and out to terminals attached to the frame 694. Skilledartisans will appreciate that there are various methods for attachingelectrical terminals to the first 664 and the second voice coils 670.

In operation, an external source (not shown) such as an amplifierincludes output terminals that are electrically connected to theterminals (not shown) that are attached to the frame 694. The terminalsattached to the frame 694 can be connected to the same output terminalon the amplifier as long as the motor structures 654, 656 are properlyconfigured so that the moving elements move in substantially oppositedirections when an input signal is applied to the terminals.

An input signal applied to the terminals causes the first voice coil 664to move in one direction and causes the second voice coil 670 to move inthe substantially opposite direction. This causes the first diaphragm690 to move in an opposite direction from the second diaphragm 692. Themovement of the second diaphragm 692 reduces a mechanical force appliedto the frame 694 by the movement of the first diaphragm 690. Thus, areduction in the mechanical force applied to the frame 694 by themovement of the first diaphragm 690 is observed.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-acoustic transducer 750according to another embodiment of the invention. The electro-acoustictransducer 750 is similar to the electro-acoustic transducer 650 of FIG.19, but includes an alternate magnet assembly 752. The magnet assembly752 includes a first motor structure 754 having a slug magnet 756 and asecond motor structure 758 having a ring magnet 760. The first motorstructure 754 includes a first magnetic gap 762 and the second motorstructure 758 includes a second magnetic gap 764.

A first voice coil 766 is wound around a first bobbin 768. The firstvoice coil 766 is positioned in the first magnetic flux gap 762. Asecond voice coil 770 is wound around a second bobbin 772. The secondvoice coil 770 is positioned in the second magnetic flux gap 764. Thesecond voice coil 770 substantially surrounds the first voice coil 766,and thus, the second magnetic flux gap 764 substantially surrounds thefirst magnetic flux gap 762. The two motor structures 754, 758 can havean over-hung or under-hung design. An isolator 774 can be positionedbetween the two motor structures 754, 758. The isolator 774 can befabricated from plastic or any other suitable non-magnetically permeablematerial.

The first motor structure 754 includes a first top plate 776 that ismechanically coupled to the magnet 756. A first back plate assembly 778is also mechanically coupled to the magnet 756. The second motorstructure 758 includes a second top plate 782 that is mechanicallycoupled to the ring magnet 760. A second back plate assembly 784 is alsomechanically coupled to the ring magnet 760.

The electro-acoustic transducer 750 also includes a first 788 and seconddiaphragm 790 mounted to a common frame or basket 792. The firstdiaphragm 788 is mechanically coupled to the first voice coil 766through the first bobbin 768. The second diaphragm 790 is mechanicallycoupled to the second voice coil 770 through the second bobbin 772. Thefirst 788 and the second diaphragms 790 can be elliptical, oval, or anyother desired shape. Additionally, the first 788 and the seconddiaphragms 790 can have the same or different surface areas. The motorstructures 754, 758 can also be circularly symmetric or any otherdesired shape.

An input signal applied to the first 766 and the second voice coils 770causes the first voice coil 766 to move in one direction and causes thesecond voice coil 770 to move in the substantially opposite direction.This causes the first diaphragm 788 to move in an opposite directionfrom the second diaphragm 790. The movement of the second diaphragm 790reduces a mechanical force applied to the frame 792 by the movement ofthe first diaphragm 788. Thus, a reduction in the mechanical forceapplied to the frame 792 by the movement of the first diaphragm 788 isobserved.

It is evident that those skilled in the art may now make numerous usesand modifications of and departures from the specific apparatus andtechniques herein disclosed without departing from the inventiveconcepts. For example, in general inverted and non-inverted motorstructures can be used. Transducer orientations can be the same orinverted relative to each other. As long as the motion from thediaphragms of the transducers is such that force vectors are oriented todestructively interfere (i.e., the resultant magnitude of the force isreduced). Consequently, the invention is to be construed as embracingeach and every novel feature and novel combination of features presentin or possessed by the apparatus and techniques herein disclosed andlimited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

1. An apparatus for reducing baffle vibration in a vehicle, theapparatus comprising: a) a baffle that is subject to vibration; b) afirst transducer that is seated in the baffle, the first transducercomprising a first diaphragm having a first surface that is acousticallycoupled to a listening area in the vehicle and a second surface that isacoustically coupled to a cavity in the vehicle, the first transducerconfigured to react to a first input signal applied to the firsttransducer by causing the first diaphragm to move in a first direction,thereby generating an acoustic output; and c) a second transducer thatis mechanically coupled to the first transducer, the second transducercomprising a second diaphragm having a first surface that isacoustically coupled to the second surface of the first diaphragm and tothe cavity, and a second surface that is acoustically coupled to thelistening area, the second transducer configured to react to a secondinput signal applied to the second transducer by causing the seconddiaphragm to move in a second direction, the movement of the seconddiaphragm reducing a vibration imparted to the baffle from the movementof the first diaphragm while substantially maintaining the acousticoutput when the second direction is substantially opposite to the firstdirection.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and secondtransducers move in opposite directions when the first input signal andthe second input signal have opposite relative polarity.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1 wherein the first and second transducers move inopposite directions when the first input signal and the second inputsignal are identical.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the firstsurface of the first diaphragm comprises a front surface of the firstdiaphragm and a second surface of the first diaphragm comprises a rearsurface of the first diaphragm.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein thefirst surface of the first diaphragm comprises a rear surface of thefirst diaphragm and a second surface of the first diaphragm comprises afront surface of the first diaphragm.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1wherein the first surface of the second diaphragm comprises a frontsurface of the second diaphragm and a second surface of the seconddiaphragm comprises a rear surface of the second diaphragm.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1 wherein the first surface of the second diaphragmcomprises a rear surface of the second diaphragm and a second surface ofthe second diaphragm comprises a front surface of the second diaphragm.8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the second transducer is invertedrelative to the first transducer.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein amotor structure of the first transducer is mechanically coupled to amotor structure of the second transducer.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1wherein a frame of the first transducer is mechanically coupled to aframe of the second transducer.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein thesecond surface of the first diaphragm is acoustically coupled to apassive radiator.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the secondsurface of the second diaphragm is acoustically coupled to the listeningarea in the vehicle through an acoustic conduit.
 13. The apparatus ofclaim 12 where the acoustic conduit comprises a smoothly varyingcross-sectional area.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the secondsurface of the second diaphragm is acoustically coupled to the listeningarea in the vehicle through an acoustic port.
 15. The apparatus of claim1 wherein an acoustic output from the second surface of the seconddiaphragm is coupled to the listening area in the vehicle substantiallyin-phase with the acoustic output from the first surface of the firstdiaphragm.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cavity comprises atrunk of the vehicle.
 17. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least oneof the first and the second transducers further comprises an invertedmotor structure.
 18. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising atleast one low pass filter that is coupled to at least one of the firstand the second transducers, the at least one low pass filter restrictingspectral components of at least one of the first and the second inputsignals above a predetermined cutoff frequency.
 19. The apparatus ofclaim 18 wherein the at least one low pass filter comprises one of anelectrical low pass filter and an acoustical low pass filter.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 1 wherein the baffle is mounted behind a dashboard.21. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the baffle is a dashboard.
 22. Aloudspeaker system comprising: a) an enclosure comprising a firstacoustic volume and a first acoustic element, a combination of the firstacoustic volume and the first acoustic element having a first resonantfrequency, the first acoustic element coupling acoustic energy from thefirst acoustic volume to outside the enclosure; b) a sub-enclosure thatis positioned at least partially inside the enclosure, the sub-enclosurecomprising a second acoustic volume and a second acoustic element, acombination of the second acoustic volume and the second acousticelement having a second resonant frequency, the second acoustic elementcoupling acoustic energy from the second acoustic volume to outside thesub-enclosure; c) a first transducer that is mounted to thesub-enclosure, the first transducer comprising a first diaphragm havinga first surface that is acoustically coupled to the first acousticvolume and a second surface that is acoustically coupled to the secondacoustic volume, the first transducer configured to react to a firstinput signal applied to the first transducer by causing the firstdiaphragm to move in a first direction; and d) a second transducer thatis mounted to the sub-enclosure, the second transducer comprising asecond diaphragm having a first surface that is acoustically coupled tothe first acoustic volume and a second surface that is acousticallycoupled to the second acoustic volume, the second transducer configuredto react to a second input signal applied to the second transducer bycausing the second diaphragm to move in a second direction, the movementof the second diaphragm reducing a vibration imparted to thesub-enclosure from the movement of the first diaphragm when the seconddirection is substantially opposite to the first direction.
 23. Theloudspeaker system of claim 22 wherein the first resonant frequency andthe second resonant frequency are the same.
 24. The loudspeaker systemof claim 22 wherein the first resonant frequency is lower than thesecond resonant frequency.
 25. The loudspeaker system of claim 22wherein the second acoustic element couples acoustic energy from thesecond acoustic volume to outside the enclosure.
 26. The loudspeakersystem of claim 22 wherein the second acoustic element couples acousticenergy from the second acoustic volume to the first acoustic volume. 27.The loudspeaker system of claim 22 wherein at least one of the first andthe second acoustic elements comprises an acoustic port.
 28. Theloudspeaker system of claim 22 wherein at least one of the first and thesecond acoustic elements comprises a passive radiator.
 29. Theloudspeaker system of claim 22 wherein the sub-enclosure is rigidlycoupled to the enclosure.
 30. The loudspeaker system of claim 22 whereinat least one of the first and the second transducers comprises aninverted motor structure.
 31. The loudspeaker system of claim 22 whereinthe first transducer is inverted relative to the second transducer. 32.The loudspeaker system of claim 22 further comprising an additionalsub-enclosure that is positioned at least partially inside theenclosure.
 33. The loudspeaker system of claim 22 further comprising anadditional sub-enclosure that is positioned at least partially insidethe sub-enclosure.
 34. The loudspeaker system of claim 22 wherein theloudspeaker system is mounted behind a dashboard.